Noob sib tshuam

Noob - ib tug yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm inheritable ntaub ntawv. Nws nruab nrab yog ib txog kev feem ntawm ib tug DNA molecule (tej zaum RNA). noob sis muab cov kev hloov ntawm elementary tej yam tshwm sim ntawm niam txiv kab offspring.

Txhua noob thiab txiav txim seb ib tug feature, uas yog kev ywj siab rau lwm tus. Lawv yog cov tau mus koom. Qhov no yog tau ua tsaug rau lub fact tias muaj yog txuas qub txeeg qub teg ntawm noob. Thaum ua ke nyob rau hauv lub genotype lawv ua raws li ib tug system. Cov yooj yim kev sib raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog hom thiab recessive.

Tib neeg genotype - txhiab ntawm tej yam tshwm sim (lub system), uas yuav haum xwb 46 chromosomes. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov noob (tsawg kawg yog 30 txhiab).

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug feature tej zaum yuav vim qhov tus ntawm ntau tshaj ib lub noob, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov uas yog interconnected free yam. Tej kev sis raug zoo noob hu ua polymer (mas complex). Raws li qhov no mechanism, muaj yog lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm daim tawv nqaij xim, plaub hau, thiab pua pua ntawm lwm nta.

Vim li no cov lub xov tooj ntawm cov noob muab cov kev pab txhawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tseem muaj tus kab mob, muaj raws ntawm ntau hom ntawm tshwj xeeb differentiated hlwb. Tus txiv neej uas pom tias txog 200 hom hlwb muaj ntxiv rau lwm rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshwj xeeb kev haumxeeb thiab morphological hom hlwb.

Tiabsis cov noob nyob rau hauv ib tug chromosome yog txhais los ntawm lub sij hawm clutch noob. Tag nrho cov teej tug mus rau tib lub pab pawg neeg ntawm txuas noob no yog pub ua ke thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm gametes.

Lub xov tooj ntawm txawv pawg neeg ntawm cov noob zoo tib clutch. Ob-hybrid sis yog yus nyob rau hauv uas lub clutch yog tsis raug mus rau Mendelian cai. Txawm li cas los, kom tuav yog heev tsis tshua muaj. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nyob rau hauv cov xeeb ntxwv qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov plaub phenotypes.

Faib allelic thiab uas tsis yog-allelic noob kev sib tshuam. Alleles - cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov tib noob.

Allele - sis teej tug mus rau tib khub ntawm allelic noob. Manifestation yam ntxwv yog txiav txim tsis tsuas dominance kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj cov xov tooj ntawm cov noob nyob rau hauv lub genotype.

Alleles yog tau tsim xws li kev sib txuas, raws li tag nrho dominance (thaum lub phenotype ntawm lub heterozygote yog qhov khoom ntawm tsuas muaj ib zaug xwb noob) thiab tsis tag (cov phenotype ntawm lub heterozygote txawv los ntawm lub phenotype ntawm homozygous hom kev zoo losis phem thiab recessive, noj theem nrab (qib nrab) tus nqi rau lawv Kodominirovanie -. Ib tug reacting allelic noob thaum heterozygotes muaj ib tug phenotype ob yam khoom.

Nonallelic - ob leeg nyhuv ntawm ob (los yog ntau tshaj) non-allelic noob. Nws yuav qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov epistatic complementary rau, los yog modifying polymer sis raug zoo.

Sis nonallelic noob tej zaum yuav ntev txawv, li ntawd, paub qhov txawv ntau hom.

Complementary - sis nws tus kheej Mendelian noob mus rau hauv ib tug genotype thiab ua zaub ntawm tej tib feature.

Polymer - ib tug additive nyhuv ntawm ib tug xov tooj uas tsis yog-allelic noob rau tsim ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem uas ua rau ib tug tas mus variation ntau yam ntawm quantifiable. Polymer yog cumulative thiab noncumulative. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, tej yam uas yuav txiav txim tus naj npawb ntawm hom alleles polymeric noob muaj nyob rau hauv lub genotype. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv yog txiav txim los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub hom allele thiab yog ywj siab ntawm lawv tus xov tooj.

Epistasis - cov hluav ntawm ib tug noob hom allele ntawm lwm nonallelic thawj. Los yog tsuj ntawm kev ua hom thiab recessive alleles nyob rau hauv gipostatichnom noob recessive allele epistatic tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub homozygous lub xeev.

Lub complementary - feature muaj nyob rau kev sib nrig sib txiav txim ntawm 2-hom noob, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug neeg tsis ua.

Modifying - Cov kev hloov ntawm lub ntsiab uas tsis yog-allelic noob nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv modifiers. Ib tug noob yuav ua mas nyob rau hauv kev tswj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem thiab ib tug modifier nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm lwm nta.

Tus sis ntawm lub noob yog yeej ib txwm pom, thaum ob peb noob cuam tshuam rau tsim ntawm ib tug tej yam lub xeev ntawm ib tug kab mob yam ntxwv.