Donor-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus: Piv txwv ntawm tshuaj

Donor-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus, los yog tswj daim ntawv cog lus - ib yam ntawm cov covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Qhia txawv nta ntawm no hom ntawm kev sib txuas lus, peb yuav muab piv txwv qhia nws tsim.

covalent daim ntawv cog lus

Yuav pib, xaiv lub yus nta ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov covalent tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus.

Tej zaum nws yuav ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab uas tsis yog-polar, nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw ntawm lub electron khub ntawm atoms. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug ib nrab ua haujlwm ntawm electron ceev nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib qho ntawm cov atoms tshwm sim ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus. Ib tug zoo xws li cov phenomenon yog tau nrog cov tsim ntawm lub daim ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm cov uas tsis yog-hlau, coj txawv electronegativity. Thaum nws yog tsa, ib tug tseem ceeb ua haujlwm ntawm lub electron khub nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug atom nrog ib tug high school cov Performance index ntawm lub EO. Thaum tsim ntawm lub daim ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm cov uas tsis yog-hlau muaj tib lub nqi ntawm electronegativity tsis cai ua haujlwm khub ntawm electrons, xws li ib tug kev twb kev txuas yog hu ua ib tug nonpolar.

Piv txwv yog cov pa, hydrogen, ozone thiab phosphorus. Ncov qaumteb qabteb daim ntawv cog lus yog hydrochloric acid, dej, ammonia.

Muaj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub sij hawm, ua tsaug rau uas yuav tsiag ntawv los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm electron officers raug tsim ntawm atoms.

Muab hais tias rau tsim ntawm ib tug kev twb kev txuas yuav tsum tau ob electrons yuav muaj peb kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov nitrogen atoms, i.e. lub multiplicity sau raws nkaus Ii peb. Donor-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus - yog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent daim ntawv cog lus, tab sis nws yog lam xav intermolecular sis ntawm tshuaj.

Nta ntawm lub mechanism

Yuav kom tsim tau ib cov pa covalent daim ntawv cog lus txaus sis ntawm ob electrons (tag nrho cov officers). Donor-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus tsim los ntawm tshuaj los ntawm ib tug khub ntawm electrons los ntawm ib sab (los ntawm tus neeg uas pub), khoob (pub dawb) rau orbital ntawm lwm atom (acceptor). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb (non-ncov qaumteb qabteb) thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg uas pub cov-acceptor sis ntawm cov electrons nws thiaj li ua ntau.

Kev Kawm Ntawv ammonium ntawv

Raws li nws yog tsim ntawm lub pub-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus? Piv txwv ntawm tshuaj muab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm high school Science News for KIDS, tsis pub ammonium ntawv. Cia peb kawm ntxiv kev kawm ntawv.

Nitrogen, ib feem ntawm cov ammonia molecule yog nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib pab pawg neeg (ntsiab pab pawg) ntawm lub periodic rooj. Nyob rau nws txheej zog yog tsib electrons. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ammonia molecules nyob rau hauv covalent linkage ncov qaumteb qabteb nitrogen siv peb electrons, li ntawd, lub electron khub, uas yog tsis muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txheej txheem, tseem tsis siv.

Nws yog nws leej twg muab nws txoj cai rau ib ce muaj zog lub zog ntawm cov pub thaum nce lub ammonia molecules nrog dipoles ntawm cov dej. Nyob rau hauv dej ntawm ib lub hydrogen ntawv muaj lawv tus kheej electron, ces nws exhibits zog acceptor.

Thaum lub caij thaum cov ammonia molecules nyob ze txaus rau cov hydrogen protons los ntawm dej, nitrogen huab muaj ob electrons hloov nyob rau hauv attraction hydrogen ntawv, nws yuav ntau mus rau lawv. Cov no tsim ntawm tetravalent kev twb kev txuas ntawm nitrogen thiab hydrogen, nws yog lam xav pub-acceptor mechanism. Qhov no yog dab tsi yog hu ua ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug daim ntawv cog lus.

Kev Kawm Ntawv oxonium ntawv

Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm (basic theem) yog tsis suav tias yog oxonium cations (hydronium), raws li Protolytic kev tshawb xav ntawm kev daws kawm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub profile theem. Txij li thaum muaj tseem yog siv pub-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus, piv txwv ntawm nws tsim ib tug los ze zog saib.

Raws li pub nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav ua raws li ib tug dej molecule, thiab exhibits lub thaj chaw ntawm ib tug proton acceptor. Saib pub-acceptor mechanism - nws yog hu ua tus puag Science News for KIDS ntawm complex tebchaw, thiab yog li ntawd tsim nyog tshwj xeeb mloog. Nws piav txog cov essence kev tshawb xav electrolytic disintegration acids, ntsev, bases, thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej rau cations thiab anions.

Thaum xws li hla tshwm sim vim permeation ua txhua yam electrons nyob rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm linkable atoms. Yog li ib qho kev nce rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv tus txheej zoo li rau ib tug.

Qhov thib ob algorithm daim ntawv cog lus tsim

Yog lwm mechanism uas tsim ib tug neeg-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus. Piv txwv li kev sis raug zoo yog heev heev, nyob rau hauv kev lub tsim ntawm hlau fluorides. Muaj kev siv ntawm ib khub ntawm electrons los ntawm ib tug lub reacting atoms. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug atom ntxiv rau ib tug tshaj plaws nqi ntawm lawv daim tawv nqaij, tab sis vim yog noj ib feem, tsis yog txhua txhua yim electrons, tsuas muaj tej yam yog ib feem ntawm lawv. Cov electrons uas tsis muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv, yog hu ua dawb, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lwm tus neeg thiab ua ib tug pub-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus. Piv txwv li variants pub-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus tsim txog fluorides ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co. Piv txwv li, zoo sib xws npaj sodium tshuaj fluoride, poov tshuaj, poov hlau.

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus neeg yog txawv pub-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus? Peb yuav paub qhov txawv ruaj khov tebchaw sawv vim zoo xws li cov mechanisms ntawm tsim tshuaj tebchaw. Piv txwv li, nyias mus nyias nyob rau hauv dej ntawm hydrogen fluoride, cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ammonia thiab txhuas chloride, uas ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm txoj tebchaw.

xaus

Muab cov kev cai ntawm neeg uas pub cov-acceptor sis, nco ntsoov tias lub inert gases yuav zoo ua raws li active hloov, txij thaum lub plhaub muaj ib tug tshaj plaws nqi ntawm electrons. Experimentally no daim ntawv qhia tau tag nrho validated thiab nrhiav oxides inert gases yog tsim los ntawm lub pub-acceptor kev sib tshuam.

Qhov no zoo ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus yog ib yam uas kev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub active kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws lub neej vim tus neeg uas pub cov-acceptor daim ntawv cog lus muaj peev xwm tsim cov zaub mov ntawm ntau yam kws npaj. Piv txwv li, tus tsim mechanism sib tham saum toj no hais ammonium ntawv tsim ntawm ammonia yog dav siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tshuaj.