Complex tebchaw. Lus Txhais, kev faib

Yuav kom muab ntau los yog tsawg dua leej txhais ntawm yog dab tsi yog ib tug complex tebchaw, niaj hnub Science News for KIDS muaj vam khom rau tus yooj yim kev cai ntawm lub sib haum kev tshawb xav, uas yog npaj los ntawm A. Werner li thaum ntxov raws li 1893 Lub complexity ntawm no qhov teeb meem lus dag nyob rau hauv lub muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab multiplicity ntawm cov feem ntau ntau haiv neeg tshuaj tebchaw ntog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub complex.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub complex tebchaw - ib tug tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, ib feem ntawm uas yog ib tug series ntawm complex hais. Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, science twb tsis muaj kev cai nruj heev txhais ntawm "complex hais". Feem ntau siv cov nram qab no txhais: ib tug complex particle to taub txoj particle uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua thiab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Nws yog li ntawm lwm cov elementary hais, uas nyob rau hauv lem muaj lub peev xwm nyob ua ib ke ntawm nws tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd feem ntau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm complex hais poob complex tshuaj hais nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho los yog ib feem ntawm kev twb kev txuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub pub-acceptor hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Ib tug ntau feature, uas muaj tag nrho cov complex tebchaw yog muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv ntawm lub hauv paus atom, tau txais lub npe "complexing neeg sawv cev". Muab rau ntau haiv neeg hais tias cov tebchaw muaj los tham txog tej kev nta ntawm no lub caij no tsis tsim nyog. Feem ntau cov complexing neeg uas sawv cev ib tug atom txoj kev hlau. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug nruj feature: muaj txoj tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv paus atom yog ib qho atom ntawm oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, iodine thiab lwm yam hais sawv cev kaj nonmetals. Hais lus xwb complexing neeg sawv cev, nws yuav tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm nws yog zoo, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem hu ua hlau chaw, tab sis muaj cov piv txwv uas lub hauv paus atom thiab muaj ib tug tsis them nyiaj, thiab txawm pes tsawg.

Raws li, qhov raug rho tawm atoms los yog tej pawg xaiv atoms uas nyob ib ncig ntawm lub complexing neeg sawv cev, xa mus rau raws li ligands. Qhov no tej zaum yuav hais uas ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv lub complex compound yog ib tug qauv, piv txwv li, dej (H2O), cov pa roj carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NH3), thiab ntau lwm tus neeg, nws kuj yuav anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, hydrogen los yog ib tug ntawv H +.

Ib qho los mus faib cov complex tebchaw raws li txoj xwb hom cais cov tshuaj tebchaw rau hauv cationic ceg uas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug zoo them ion nruab nrab molecules. Anionic ceg no kuj muaj nyob, nyob rau hauv uas lub complexant yog ib qho atom nrog ib tug zoo oxidation lub xeev. Tej yam yooj yim thiab complex anions yog ligands. Ib tug cais pab pawg neeg yuav tsum cais nruab nrab ceg. Lawv tsim tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom tes nyob ib ncig ntawm nruab nrab molecules atom. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv no cov qeb ntawm complex tebchaw xws li tebchaw tsim los ntawm lub simultaneous sib haum nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug zoo them ions thiab molecules thiab tsis zoo them ions.

Yog hais tias koj xav txog cov xov tooj ntawm cov rooj zaum nyob rau ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua ligands nyob rau hauv lub sib haum kheej, nws yog txiav txim monodentate, bidentantye thiab polydentate ligands.

Kev npaj ntawm lub complex tebchaw nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev tso cai faib los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus ligand. Cov lawv paub qhov txawv ammines, nyob rau hauv uas lub ligands yog sawv cev los ntawm ammonia molecules, aqua ceg nyob qhov twg lub ligands yog dej, carbonyls - carbon monoxide ua raws li ib tug ligand. Tsis tas li ntawd acidocomplexes muaj nyob rau hauv uas ib tug central atom surrounded los ntawm acidic residues. Yog hais tias nws yog surrounded by hydroxide ions, lub tebchaw xa mus rau hydroxycomplexes.

Complex tebchaw ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau lawv tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm muaj sia nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv ntawm complex tebchaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg kev ua si tso cai complex raug ua hauj lwm.

Analytical Science News for KIDS, cov extraction ntawm co ntawm ores, electroplating, zus tau tej cov xim tsev thiab varnishes - nws yog ib tug luv luv daim ntawv teev cov lag luam uas tau siv txoj tshuaj.