Ncauj Anatomy: yees duab

Lub qhov ncauj, lub cev uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, yog lub "ciam teb" ntawm cov ib puag ncig cai thiab cov tib neeg hauv ib puag ncig. Nws poses ib tug loj teeb meem rau kab mob, muab thawj zaug rau theem ntawm kev zom thiab tshwm sim los ntawm cov suab.

Lub qhov ncauj: lub cev nyob rau hauv ontogenesis

Thaum lub sij hawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus txiv neej lub qhov ncauj pib tsim twb nyob rau hauv lub 12th hnub. Dig muag, nws nruab nrab yog protrusion ectoderm, uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub projection mob thiab cerebral npuas. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, nws yog hu ua tus fovea, los yog qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.

Language muaj nyob rau hauv ontogenesis 4-5 lub lim tiam. Thaum lub zom nqaij, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov kev hloov kho ntawm lub ntses chaw dim pa arches. Ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, uas yog ntau npaum li cas nyuab cev, tso cai rau lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo mus saj lub amniotic kua. Qhov no yog cov ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nyob rau. Nyob rau lub 7 lub lim tiam nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm saj buds tshwm sim. By pib ntawm lub ob hlis ntawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob tiav lub tsim ntawm lub ntuj.

nta mucosa

Anatomy ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav (yees duab qha nws cov qauv) sawv cev los ntawm cov hauv qab no Cheebtsam: daim di ncauj, tus nplaig, lub puab tsaig, cov hniav, cov pos hniav, ducts ntawm muaj qaub ncaug, tonsils thiab huab cua.

Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kom ntseeg tau nws zog ua mucosa tsim multilayer tiaj epithelial cov ntaub so ntswg. Hauv qab no nws yog lub hauv qab daus daim nyias nyias thiab submucosal. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub qhov ncauj epithelium yog ib tug muaj peev xwm rau lwm, uas yog los siv vim nws sprout txheej, raws li zoo raws li kam mus rau lub tsis zoo los ntawm tej stimuli thiab kab mob nruab nrab.

Tiag tiag txheej membrane ntawm connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog tsim los ntawm lub hlwb. Hais tias nws muaj paj txoj, capillary thiab lymphatic hlab ntsha. Tiag tiag qog ua kua yog tshwj xeeb cellular lug, fulfills ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi. Cov no muaj xws macrophages, mast hlwb thiab ntshav. Lawv muab lub phagocytosis ntawm txawv teb chaws li hais, kev cai ntawm vascular permeability, synthesis ntawm immunoglobulins.

Lub qhov ncauj mucosa muaj ntau hom receptors. Cov no muaj xws mob, tactile thiab kub. Tab sis lub saj ntawm cov qog ua kua tsis paub. Qhov no muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm ib tug npag hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav - tus nplaig.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yuav tau hais tias tus tib neeg mucosa ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav muab ib tug tiv thaiv, yas thiab rhiab muaj nuj nqi.

lus

Anatomy tib neeg qhov ncauj kab noj hniav muab tsim thiab mouthfeel. Lawv tshwm sim thaum raug rau ntau yam tshuaj rau tshwj xeeb receptors. Pom zoo saj xaav yog purely tus neeg. Tab sis zaum txawv nws cov ntsiab ntau ntau yam. Lawv yog cov qaub, iab, qab zib thiab qab ntsev.

Saj receptors hu ua chemoreceptors. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov saj buds, txhua tus uas yog kev cob cog rua rau lub qhov ncauj qhib lub sij hawm. Txawm tias tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lub hom phiaj, lawv yog tshwj xeeb. Yog li, lub ntsis ntawm tus nplaig yog concentrated receptors uas perceive qab zib, nyob rau hauv npoo - ib tug qaub, ntawm lub hauv paus - iab. Lub dav yog cov cheeb tsam uas muaj peev xwm paub cov qab ntsev saj. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub ntsis thiab nyob rau ntawm cov npoo. Language yog muab kev koom tes kuj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov suab, ntxoov, kneading thiab nqos khoom noj khoom haus.

Lub cev ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab cov hniav

Neeg kho tshuab ua zaub mov yog nqa tawm los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm cov hniav. Feem ntau, lawv suav 32. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej ntawm txhua tus ntawm lub puab tsaig nyob rau 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 me me thiab 6 loj hniav puas. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm incisors thiab canines tshwm sim nibble zaub mov, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm hauv paus txawm nws twb crushed rau zooj lub xeev.

Lub peculiarities ntawm lwm cov qauv ntawm cov hniav kom paub qhov txawv lub hauv paus, lub caj dab thiab yas. Cov yav tas yog lub pom ib feem ntawm nws thiab yog nyob saum toj no cov pos hniav. Cov ntaub uas npog lub crown, yog hu ua enamel. Nws yog suav hais tias yog yam nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Caj dab ntaub ntawv ib tug tsawg check cov ntaub ntawv uas - xis mas. Connective cov ntaub so ntswg sau cov kab noj hniav ntawm ib tug hniav yog lub pulp. Nws txheej txheem paj fibers, lymphatic thiab cov hlab ntsha. Yog li ntawd, nws yog los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm tus sis plawv hniav tshwm sim thiab cov hniav loj hlob.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub tsim ntawm cov lug ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav? Bookmark hniav tshwm sim txawm nyob rau hauv lub embryonic lub sij hawm. Tab sis lawv yuav tshwm sim tom qab 6 lub hlis tom qab yug tus me nyuam. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 20. Lawv yog cov mis nyuj, mus txog rau 10 xyoo yog hloov los ntawm constants. Tseeb loj hlob hniav txhab uas tshwm sim rau 25 xyoo. Rau ib tug txiv neej, lawv yog ib cov throwback txij li thaum poob lawv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution.

receptors

Zaum hais tias nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav yog hais txog 2000 saj buds. Nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau tau txais daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov lawv tau annoyed. Cov Pib ntsais koj teeb uas yog li tsim, nyob rau hauv paj fibers yuav muab xa mus los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb department intermediate ntawm lub cerebral cortex. Ntawm no thiab tsim ib tug nkag siab ntawm saj.

Rau tag nrho cov neeg, nws yog tiag tiag ib lub zuj zus. Saj txhais rhiab heev Harbor. Rau ntau yam tshuaj nws tsis yog tib yam. Qhov siab tshaj plaws daim duab rau cov ntsim, tsis tshua muaj - mus qaub. Thiab ntawm no yog cov qab ntsev thiab qab zib tus neeg perceives tib.

Tshuaj kev kho mob ntawm cov zaub mov

Anatomy ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab lub caj pas xws li tias lawv yog tseem thiab ib co thawj reservoir rau cov zaub mov digestion. Ncaj qha zaub mov, nws cov duab los yog txawm tsw noj salivation. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev qog, ducts uas qhib rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Nrog cov qaub ncaug cleavage ntawm complex carbohydrates rau tej yam yooj yim neutralization ntawm microbial, moisturizing thiab enveloping bolus. Tom ntej no, siv cov lus nws yog thawb mus rau lub caj pas, mus rau hauv cov hlab pas thiab lub plab.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qaub ncaug

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cov qaub ncaug yog ib tug tsis muaj kob kua ntswg lej taub hau. Ntau tshaj 98% ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej. Cleavage ntawm complex suab thaj muab qaub ncaug enzymes - maltase, amylase thiab lysozyme. Cov yav tas cov ntaub ntawv uas ua kuj yog ib tug muaj kev ruaj ntseg nuj nqi neutralizing pathogens thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov ncauj qhov txhab.

Qaub ncaug tseem muaj mucilage, uas yog hu ua mucin. Nws muab co thiab enveloping zaub mov. Yog li, txhua yam, tshuaj thiab khoom noj khoom haus ua ua raws nraim lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Anatomy ntawm lub digestive system yog siab txuas nrog lub zog ua.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov qaub ncaug

Txheej txheem qaub ncaug reflex tshwm sim. Rau nws "pib" xav receptors voos ntawm lub qhov ncauj mucosa. Qhov no muab sawv mus rau paj impulses, uas yog ces xa mus rau salivation chaw ntawm lub medulla oblongata. Xws li ib tug txheej txheem yog UR.

Tab sis yog hais tias peb tsuas xav txog tej yam ib tug qaub txiv qaub los yog flavored ncuav mog qab zib, ces nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj tam sim ntawd pib salivate. Tej stimuli yog zwj ceeb.

Yog li, lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, qhov twg lub cev twb rov los xyuas dua nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, cov nram qab no functions:

• los mus txiav txim qhov zoo thiab saj ntawm cov khoom noj;
• neeg kho tshuab thiab tshuaj ua zaub mov;
• tiv thaiv tawm tsam pathogens substandard khoom;
• bolus tsim;
• splitting ntawm complex carbohydrates rau hauv yooj yim.