Methanol - yog dab tsi? Methanol lom: Cov tsos mob thiab kev kho mob

Tej zaum tshaj li ib zaug, peb txhua tus tau hnov txog qhov loj lom cuav cawv ntau lawm (xws li kev tuag), nyob rau hauv uas lub methanol tau pom. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yog vim li cas nws yog li ntawd dejnum rau nws cov teebmeem rau lub cev? Yog vim li cas nws yog ntxiv rau dej cawv haus? Yuav ua li cas tej zaum yuav lub txim ntawm kev txais neeg kawm ntawm tej khoom? Yuav kom teb tau cov lus nug no, peb yuav tsum tig mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm cov cawv ntau lawm, rau nws cov kev faib nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no thiab nyob rau hauv kev soj ntsuam hlw kom qis.

methanol

Methanol - ib tug tsis muaj kob tshuaj lom kua yog qhov nyuaj monohydric cawv, thiab cov thawj neeg ntawm lub homologous series ntawm monohydric alcohols. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv scientific voj voog nws yog hu ua li ib tsob ntoo los yog methyl cawv, carbinol thiab methyl hydroxide. Cov kua tau los ntawm distillation ntawm lignin los yog ntoo - puas khoom residues ntxhov cog ntawm tes phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv vitro synthesis ntawm methanol yog ib nrab oxidation ntawm methane thiab methane los ntawm replication los ntawm methylenechloride. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm monovalent cawv twb tshwm sim nyob 1661 los ntawm Boyle nyob rau hauv lub distillation ntawm qhuav ntoo. Ob tug centuries tom qab zaum JB Dumas thiab E. M. Peligo tswj tau methanol nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Synthesizing cawv rau ib tug muaj scale pib nyob rau hauv 1923 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, methanol yog siv raws li hnyav, lub hauv paus rau dej ntsuab, roj octane roj av additives.

Los ntawm lub cev

Methyl cawv yog ib yam ntawm cov feem ntau txaus ntshai tshuaj lom lub ntiaj chaw. Tiv tauj nrog tag nrho 10 ml ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yuav ua rau irreversible hloov nyob rau hauv lub pathological: dig muag, muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm hauj lwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev (lub raum, lub siab), lesion qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb. Tuag no tshwm sim yog hais tias nyob ib tug npaum li ntawm 1-2 grams tauj ib 1 kilogram ntawm qhov ceeb thawj yog noj methanol. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yog vim li cas xws li ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog muaj peev xwm mus tua tau ib tug txiv neej? Qhov no yog hais tias thaum noj monohydric cawv yog oxidized rau formaldehyde - ib tug muaj zog tshuaj lom uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub paj hlwb thiab reacts nrog proteins. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj lom nyhuv yog tsis tam sim ntawd tom qab tso tawm ntawm qhov tshuaj mus rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab tom qab ob peb teev. Yog li ntawd, kom txog thaum lub tsos ntawm cov thawj tsos mob ntawm lom neeg feem ntau muaj sij hawm los haus dej haus ib tuag koob tshuaj.

methanol txaus ntshai

Main kev pheej hmoo ntawm tshuaj yog tias methanol thiab ethanol (loj feem ntawm dej cawv haus) tsis tau txawv: lawv muaj tib lub saj thiab tsis hnov tsw, muaj ob kob uas ua kua. ). Txawm li cas los, qhov ntau txo nqi ntawm methanol (los ntawm RUR 15.500 ib tuj). Rau cov yog vim li cas lawv yog feem ntau diluted nrog dej cawv. Lwm txaus ntshai yog tias tshuaj uas lom yuav muaj tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm cov khoom uas muaj methanol. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yuav ua li cas yog nws tshwm sim? Vaporization coolants, kua ntxuav qhov rais, paintwork tshuaj muaj cawv atoms uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, noog thiab ua pathological kev hloov. Yog li ntawd, tshuaj lom tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug dej, raws li yog feem ntau ntseeg nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj los ntawm puas khoom.

methanol lom

Early cov tsos mob ntawm lom tshwm sim tom qab 8-72 teev tom qab haus ntawm methanol. Tus thawj raug kev txom nyem central tshee system: ntev rhiab heev mus rau lub teeb (photophobia), dilation ntawm cov tub kawm ntawv, mob taub hau, kiv taub hau thiab puas ntawm lub tuam noj qab haus huv, txo rhiab heev, clouding nco qab.

Poison methanol tshwj xeeb txaus ntshai vim congestion, los yog ua rau tus nqi ntawm cov ntshav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob, uas tshwm sim vim muaj ib tug ntse nce erythrocytes thiab hemoglobin theem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub cev swells, acquires ib tug xiavlus zas. Cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub pathological kev nkag mus rau tus neeg mob nyob rau hauv ib tug raw lub xeev vim cerebral edema. Hyperemia ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa system - ua pa yuav sib sib zog nqus thiab tawg paj txi txiv, tus neeg muaj yog ib tug zoo nkaus li tsis muaj cua. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txo tus mem tes, lub plawv tsis muaj peev xwm mus puag nrog ib tug "distillation" ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntshav thoob plaws lub cev thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim tsis. Tuag no tshwm sim.

Thawj pab rau lom

Thaum nrhiav kom tau ntawm thawj cov cim qhia ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom yuav tsum tam sim ntawd hu rau ib tug tsheb thauj neeg mob. Yog hais tias qhov no yog tsis tau, nws yog tsim nyog los ua rau kom tus nqi ntawm cov kua ntim. Nws yog ntshaw kom haus dej haus dej haus nrog alkali cov ntsiab lus: ntxhia dej, citric acid tshuaj, thiab kev siv ntawm cov txiv lws suav, txiv tsawb, raisins, grape, asparagus, zib ntab, thiab lwm yam khoom.

Nyob rau hauv soj ntsuam qhov chaw methanol lom kho los ntawm plaug rau hauv tus kab mob ntawm ethanol. Yog hais tias koj tsis paub tseeb tias lub ntsiab lom tshuaj yog methanol, siv cov vodka li ib tug antidote yog tsis kam. Txuag ib lub neej yog tshaj pais plab lavage, ntxias ntuav.

horrifying statistics

Tsis ntev los no keeb kwm ntawm noob neej tau raug kaw xya tus neeg mob ntawm loj lom nrog methanol. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus neeg tau raug mob nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1981 nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb - tuag los ntawm lom 308 neeg. Nyob rau hauv 2000, tsoom fwv ntawm El Salvador xav tias neeg ua phem nres, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm haus los ntawm methanol lom tua 122 tus neeg. Nws yog noteworthy hais tias tsis muaj ntawm cov raug nroj tsuag ntawm cov cawv no substance tsis tau pom. Lavxias teb sab loj lom tau sau npe nyob rau hauv Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2016 raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm "Hawthorn" - ib tug ua kua rau da dej, nyob rau hauv uas cov qauv tom qab sab methanol. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv kom txhob xws hwj chim - yog tsis paub. Tab sis raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom cuam tshuam 123 cov neeg, ntawm uas 76 tau tuag. Hlis ntuj nqeg 20 twb tshaj tawm hais tias ib hnub twg ntawm kev quaj ntsuag nyob rau hauv lub Irkutsk cheeb tsam.

Kev siv cov methanol

Qhov loj tshaj npaum li cas methanol yog pleev xim khoom. Nws yog siv raws li ib tug hnyav vim nws cov high volatility thiab muaj peev xwm yaj organic thiab polymeric tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv European lub teb chaws, ib tug sib tov ntawm methyl thiab ethyl alcohols, siv nyob rau hauv perfumery. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Russia xws khoom uas txwv, ib yam li tej lwm yam neeg cov khoom uas muaj methanol. Vim hais tias ntawm lub high school octane ib co "master" methanol yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev rau cov octane roj. Lub cawv yog muaj ntaub ntawv rau ib tug muaj scale rau muab biofuels.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, cov methyl cawv yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj thiab nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau. Qhov no yog tsuas ib qho tseem ceeb roj ntawm jasmine thiab wintergreen. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj xws li salicylic acid thiab anthranilic. Methanol nyob rau hauv lawv nyob tus yeees yog tsis txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Txawm li cas los, tej zaum nws yuav ua rau ib tug tsis haum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd overreliance rau roj yuav ua tau dejnum rau kev kho mob.