AG Spirkin, "Philosophy": ib phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv

Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin - yog Soviet, thiab tom qab ntawd Lavxias teb sab philosopher uas nws phau ntawv tau ua nrov nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv menyuam kawm ntawv thiab kev txawj nyeem ntawv uas xav broaden lawv horizons. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tus sau sau tau nws zoo-paub cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub sixties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, lawv tseem tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseeb. Kev qhuab qhia, uas nws mob siab rau nws lub neej mus rau Alexander Spirkin - philosophy. Tab sis lub philosopher yog tsis paub txog nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv ib tug cheeb tsam. Nws sim piav me ntsis, concisely thiab meej articulate lub tswv yim ntawm philosophy thiab milestones ntawm nws keeb kwm rau cov neeg uas xav kawm cov ntawv no thiab to taub nws. Wb sim tuab no tutorial rau kev ntsuam xyuas nws cov qhov cuam tshuam rau peb kev kawm ntawv thiab sab ntsuj plig kev loj hlob.

biography

Spirkin AG, "Philosophy" uas los ua ib tug reference cov phau ntawv teev thaum pib ntawm lub Soviet menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab ces cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm lub CIS lub teb chaws, tau nyob ib tug yooj yim tab sis nthuav lub neej. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1918 nyob rau hauv lub Saratov cheeb tsam, tab sis ua ntej xav devote nws lub neej rau cov tshuaj. Nws kawm tiav los ntawm cov Moscow lub koom haum ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej philosopher defectology ua ntej tsov rog, tab sis, ces, raws li muaj ntau yam ntse cov neeg ntawm nws tiam, twb puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv tsis muaj tseeb nqi, thiab mus txog rau thaum 1945 yog nyob rau hauv lub camps. Muaj nws ua xav nyob rau hauv "txoj kev hlub uas muaj txhab."

Tom qab nws tso tawm, Alexander Spirkin chiv sim mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshwj xeeb, tab sis, ces los ua ib tug khub ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Philosophy Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR. PhD thesis nws defends rau ntawm lub social psychology ntawm Plekhanov, thiab doctorate - nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm nco qab. Nyob rau hauv 1970, rau qhov zoo pab nws los ua ib tug xib fwb nyob rau hauv 1974 - sib nug xov tug tswv cuab ntawm lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences. Yog hais tias ib tug hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog philosopher yog xav nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm dialectical materialism, los ntawm lub sixties, nws yog fond ntawm artificial txawj ntse theories thiab cov tswv yim ntawm cybernetics.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub phau ntawv

Alexander Spirkin pib qhia philosophy nyob rau hauv sib txawv tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow. Nws tau nws tus kheej lub tswvyim ntawm kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab lawv cov ntsiab los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub fifties ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua yog tus ntawv sau. Nws tau ntev nrhiav kom muaj nws nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv phau ntawv. Nws sau txawj xav npe hu ua "Fundamentals ntawm Philosophy". Spirkin muab cev rau cov All-Union sib txeeb ntawm cov phau ntawv rau tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab nws yeej. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm no sau philosopher nws luam tawm ob peb phau ntawv, tam sim ntawd los ua tsis tshua muaj nrov. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm perestroika thiab tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR Spirkina phau ntawv twb nrov heev. Nyob rau hauv 1990, nws nto moo "Fundamentals ntawm Philosophy" tau luam tawm los ntawm lub publishing tsev "Progress" nyob rau hauv lus Askiv. Qhov tseeb ib tsab ntawm tus phau ntawv nyeem twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 2002 thiab ces nyob rau hauv 2005. Nyob rau hauv nws kho daim ntawv luam tawm los ntawm "Gardariki". "Philosophy" Spirkina tau kom tshem tau ntawm outdated ideology yog yooj yim heev, nyob rau hauv lub puag cov ntaub ntawv thiab yog ib qho yooj yim mus nyeem nrog kev txaus siab.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov phau ntawv raws li ib tug tag nrho

Nws phau ntawv nyob rau hauv philosophy Spirkin xeeb raws li ib yam ntawm cov Compendium ntawm kev txawj ntse sau los ntawm noob neej nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no. Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam tib neeg lus, txawm rau tej qhov twg nyob rau hauv ib tug artistic yam ntawm kev nthuav qhia, muaj ntau lub tswv yim yog piav muaj. Nws yog feem ntau hu ua phau ntawv no mus rau lub mysterious hiav txwv ntawm philosophy. Cov phau ntawv muaj plaub qhov chaw. Qhov no yog ib qho introductory lo lus, qhov twg lub philosopher muab ib tug txhais ntawm daim teb no ntawm kev txawj ntse, raws li zoo raws li xav txog nws sib txawv los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm ib tug seem nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm philosophy.

Cov tom ntej no yog ib feem tshuaj xyuas qhov kev philosophical tej teeb meem xws li hav zoov, kev txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse. Qhov thib peb seem tshuaj xyuas qhov kev philosophy. Tus sau luv luv tab sis succinctly muab ib lub tswv yim hais txog lub tuam txhab, nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab tiam sis, raws li zoo raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Qhov no tutorial yog nrov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub 60-80 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tsis tsuas yog cov me nyuam kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj professors. Lub publishing tsev "Gardariki" Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau npaum li cas abbreviated daim ntawv. Tab sis lub Ministry of Education xav nws raws li ib tug lub cuab tam rau cov tub ntxhais kawm.

parenthesis

Alexander Spirkina philosophy yog xav thawj thiab foremost raws li ib tug zoo ntawm synthesis ntawm kev txawj ntse uas tso cai rau mus cuag thiab nrhiav ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm cov ntau hom ntawm science thiab kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia rau nws phau ntawv, nws hu nws cov quintessence ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej ntawm noob neej. Nws ntseeg hais tias xws li ib tug txoj kev xav los ntawm ib tug xav to taub lub essence ntawm paub tsis meej. Txiv neej muaj peev xwm tsis txaus siab rau ib tug ib nrab saib ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, nws muaj ib tug yuav tsum tau rau ib tug holistic xaav. Yog muaj lus nug lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej thiab hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm peb lub neej nyob rau hauv ib tug tsim nyog lub hom phiaj yog ib txwm xav nyob rau hauv cov neeg. Tsis zoo li lwm yam sciences, uas muaj peb ib tug fragmentary, differentiated ntaub ntawv, philosophy ua rau nws ua tau rau integrate peb paub thiab muab lawv mus rau hauv lub system. Nws kuj txiav txim seb tus nrog sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov ob tog sib txawv ntawm peb xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Tus sau luv luv qhia txog cov qauv ntawm philosophical paub, txog qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog muaj nyob rau tsis tsuas mus zaum, tab sis tej muaj tswv yim thiab muaj tswv yim neeg.

Keeb kwm ntawm philosophy

Tus thawj seem ntawm lub phau ntawv yog lub feem ntau voluminous. Nws muaj yim chapters. "Philosophy" Spirkina nyob rau hauv lub historic ib feem muab tus nyeem ntawv ib tug notion ntawm tag nrho cov richness ntawm lub cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm yav dhau los xav. Section pib nrog lub ancient sau phau ntawv, soj ntsuam txog cov sayings ntawm Pythagoras, Thales, Heraclitus, Democritus, thiab Plato thiab Aristotle tus system. yuav muaj nyob rau hauv no ib feem hais tias cov tswv yim ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntug, lub tsis txawj tuag ntawm tus ntsuj plig, thiab txawm nws nyaj los ntawm ib tug lub cev rau lwm tus, thiab muaj lub ancient Greeks.

Ntau mloog yog them rau hauv thaum ntxov Hellenistic philosophy - lub skeptics, lub Epicureans, Stoics, Neoplatonists. Ib tug tag nrho tshooj yog devoted mus rau txhiab-xyoo keeb kwm ntawm medieval thought. Nws yus lub era ntawm European philosophy ntawm lub caij Roman faj tim teb chaws mus rau lub Renaissance. Tus nyeem ntawv yuav kawm txog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Augustine, Fomy Akvinskogo, Roger Bacon. Ob peb cov nplooj ntawv muab rau thiab cov philosophy ntawm lub Renaissance.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov classics

Heev txawj xav sau yog Alexander Spirkin. "Philosophy", thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub keeb kwm seem, qhov no yog qhov pov thawj. Nws them tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm European xav nyob rau hauv lub XVII- XVIII centuries. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no tau yug los loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm geniuses uas tsis tau tsuas muab lub tswv yim ntawm tib neeg kev kaj siab lug, tab sis kuj kiag li hloov lub neej. Pib nws nteg xws tseem ceeb xav li Descartes thiab Hume, ces ib tug heev loj pab los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Fabkis Enlightenment - Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, los tsim ib qho chaw ntawm txoj kev hlub rau cov kev kawm. Lub homphiaj nyob rau hauv seem no teem rau lub Giants ntawm German classical philosophy - Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Feuerbach. Ntau mloog yog them rau tej Western European xav li Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, thiab lwm tus neeg. Muaj kuj yog ib tshooj mob siab rau Lavxias teb sab philosophy - los ntawm Lomonosov thiab Radishcheva rau Dostoevsky thiab Soloviev.

Txawj Ntse, yog, kev txawj ntse, thiab tus ntsuj plig

Los ntawm cov cuaj rau kaum ob tshooj Spirkin AG ( "Philosophy", ib phau ntawv) qhia txog cov tswv yim thiab cov lus. Peb paub tias ib tug neeg zoo (uas tus txawj xav zoo kawg qhia nrog kev muaj tiag), tus piv ntawm teeb meem, tsab ntawv tsa suab, qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm. Ntau yam twb tau hais txog kev txawj ntse, nws txoj kev thiab tej ntsiab cai, raws li tau zoo raws li seb tus neeg muaj peev xwm to taub lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm nws los yog nws yog destined yeej ib txwm nyob twj ywm tom qab ib daim ntaub thaiv ntawm secrecy. Sawv li nyob mus ib txhis lus nug txog cov primacy thiab cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm nco qab thiab hais tias. Tom qab tag nrho cov no yog philosophical sib cav tswv yim, thiab tw tsoo hmuv rau cov tibneeg. Los ntawm cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no yuav tsum tau muaj tus cwj pwm rau tus txiv neej lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. phau ntawv nyeem sau kuj thim ib qho uas txawv ntawm ua lub hom phiaj thiab tus neeg (xaav ntawm "I"). Muaj ntau npaj txhij txog thiab nthuav cov lus nug uas txhawj txog niaj hnub tus txiv neej, piv txwv li, tus piv ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab txoj kev ntseeg, cov tau hav zoov ntawm vim li cas nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tseeb, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm qhov nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub thiab wit, dhau lawm, yog reflected nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no.

Qhov thib peb seem

Raws li ib tug kws ntawv ntawm Marxist dialectical hardening, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Philosophy" rau universities Spirkin allocates tshwj xeeb ib seem nplooj siab mus rau lub neej ntawm haiv neeg. Nws qhia txog cov yooj yim kev tshawb xav rau cov tub ntxhais kawm xav txog cov keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Tus sau hais tias yog ib haiv neeg rau cov haiv neeg, dab tsi yog nws cov nyiaj txiag thiab kev nom kev tswv tsom xam, thiab dab tsi yog nws cov pab pawg - cov chav kawm ntawv, strata, haiv neeg, neeg, cov tsev neeg. Seem no Spirkin rov qab mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm philosophy, uas qhia yuav ua li cas nco qab originated kev lub sij hawm thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg lub neej, thaum pib qhov kev tshawb rau cov zoo tagnrho thiab lub notion ntawm kev kawm. Nws examines qhov teeb meem ntawm cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm pawg taw thiab cov tib neeg, thiab kuj muaj ntau views txog cov qauv thiab tiam sis ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Tus sau kuj qhia txog qhov teeb meem ntawm morality, tib neeg, kab lis kev cai, thiab cov teeb meem cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau tus neeg thiab nws txoj cai.

Lub ntsiab lus tutorial

Muaj ntau tiam ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm tau los ntawm cov phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Spirkina. Lawv kawm tsis tau tsuas yog dab tsi yog philosophy, nws cov keeb kwm thiab lub loj pawg, tab sis kuj discovering logic, metaphysics, kom zoo nkauj. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab feem yog tsim nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, txawm nyob rau hauv qub khoom ntawm tus sau them dua mus rau qhov tseeb tshaj ideology, thiab yog li teev nws tus kheej sib nrug los ntawm lub ces lawv lug txhawb cov miv. Nws expounds tib lub ntsiab, raws li nyob rau hauv lwm cov phau ntawv, tab sis yeej ib txwm yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub tshiab tseeb thiab tiam sis, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub heev yooj yim daim ntawv.

Spirkin, "Philosophy", ib phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv: nyeem ntawv xyuas

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas kawm txog kev philosophy rau phau ntawv no thiab npaj rau qhov tus me nyuam ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kuaj, nws yog heev qhuas. Lawv sau hais tias nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv rau tag nrho cov tswv yim, cov ntsiab lus, thiab feem ntau complex teeb meem thiab tej teeb meem tau teev tseg yog tsis yog ib tug dog dig tib neeg lus, tab sis ib tug zoo txawj style, kev lom zem thiab exciting. Cov phau ntawv yog nyeem nyob rau hauv ib tug ua tsis taus pa, thiab nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav pab tau systematize cov kev txawj ntse thiab muab tso rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub txee. Qhov kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv uas yog taw qhia los ntawm qhov sib txawv dab neeg thiab cov piv txwv ntawm lub neej uas tsuas yuav pab tau assimilate cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab cov neeg uas yog fond ntawm lub scientific thiab nrov ntaub ntawv, hais tias phau ntawv no yog hais tias nws mus rau, hloov tus nyeem ntawv lub qhov muag rau ntau yam, ua rau koj xav tias nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv txoj kev mus saib cov nqe lus nug ntawm seb philosophy nyob rau hauv lub neej uas yuav tsum tau.