Lub tsev teev ntuj marquee nyob rau hauv Russia: Piv txwv

High, pom los ntawm afar hipped tuam tsev yog cov feem ntau tsim zoo rau qhov kev siv nyob rau hauv Russia. Muaj ntau monuments dim rau hnub no thiab tseem amaze tourists nrog nws kev zoo nkauj. Txawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub sab hauv tsis ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qub tsev pheebsuab thiab temples tsis tau tsim rau cov loj gatherings. Thib kaum rau thiab thib kaum xya xyoo pua yog cov feem ntau tsim rau cov emergence ntawm nthuav monuments. Piv txwv li, Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Cathedral ntawm lub Intercession rau lub moat) nyob rau hauv Moscow rau liab Square, twb ua rau 1552 thiab cim nws tsos rau hauv lub capture ntawm Kazan. Lwm yam tsev pheebsuab churches Russia yuav tsis yog sib tw nrog lawv nyob rau hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab lub koob meej.

architecture

Thaum cov tub ntxhais ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau ua hais txog tib yam. Khov kho pob tawb loj loj, uas twb teem yog me me Octagon - them nyiaj yug rau lub octagonal tsev pheebsuab, aspiring rau lub ntuj. Cuaj kaum, txhua kes duab vajtse coj nyob rau hauv lub tsev ib yam dab tsi txawv, yog vim li cas tsis ob tug zoo tib tuam tsev. Ingenuity twb qhia feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm variations ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub kho kom zoo nkauj.

Feature uas retains tag nrho hipped temples - hla ntawm tug ncej, uas yog, rau tag nrho cov qauv rests nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa, ces tus dav tents yog zoo tsis yooj yim sua. Yog li ntawd, rau qhov no yog vim li cas, nws tau ua tsis tau tejyam sab heev pob zeb tsev pheebsuab Cathedral Tshiab Yeluxalees Monastery. Ces nws twb hloov los ntawm ib lub teeb ntoo thiab sheathed nyob rau hauv hlau, thiab lub tuam tsev es, zoo siab neeg nyob ib ncig.

Txwv?

Tshaj ib xyoo pua hipped temples kis dav nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Tab sis tuaj rau hauv pawg ntseeg kho kom zoo ntawm Patriarch Nikon nyob rau hauv 1653, tom qab uas lub style yog zoo li ib tug taboo. Lub tsev teev ntuj marquee nyob rau hauv Russia ceased yuav tsum tau ua. Tej zaum ib tug outright txiav npluav rau qhov kev siv tsis yog. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog tsis tsa tom qab lub kho ntawm Nikon pob zeb lub tsev teev ntuj marquee. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, lawv txuas ntxiv mus txhim tsa tsev ntaub rau ntawm ntoo me me lub koom txoos thiab tswb yees xws li qhov tus kawm tiav yuav nrov ua ntej lub advent ntawm classicism.

Tu siab, ob peb heev los tseem muaj sia piv txwv ntawm cov ntoo architecture, tents ntoo churches nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd los hnav thiab rhuav thiab lub post-revolutionary txoj undergone ntau yam kev nyuaj siab thiab yuav luag zoo. Muaj, li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv islands nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws nyob qhov twg lub antique khw. Thaum kuv rov qab los rau hauv lub chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab style (muab tawm, li cas los xij, pseudo), hip architecture raws li nws tau revived nyob rau hauv lub lig thib kaum cuaj caug xyoo. Txawm li cas los, cov lug yog sib txawv heev los ntawm lawv cov predecessors. Tsev pheebsuab pawg ntseeg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th muab tau tsis yooj yim sua kom replicate, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tus thawj heev, uas nyob ntawm lub lem ntawm lub thib kaum tsib thiab thib kaum rau centuries.

sawv

Cov tsos ntawm hipped pommel yog feem ntau vim lub fact tias Lavxias teb sab lub koom txoos twb ua tau raws li monuments feem ntau ceev tej txheej xwm. Tsev pheebsuab pawg ntseeg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th ntau thiab ntau ncav us txog upward. Lavxias teb sab lub tsev teev ntuj architecture tsim nws los ntawm lub vaults ntawm kev hloov. Cov hypothesis hais tias cov kev cai ntawm cov pob zeb architecture nrog cov ua ntej lawm - ntoo - tau yuav meej thiab tsis heev muaj tseeb. Qhov no yuav ua deduced los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov thawj vaj tse - Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Ascension nyob rau hauv Kolomenskoye (1532 Vasily III) thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Assumption of lub Vologda Posada (1493). Nws yog lub feem ntau eloquent piv txwv ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm lub pob zeb tsev pheebsuab lub koom txoos.

Nthuav qauv thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Intercession nyob rau hauv Medvedkovo qhov twg kom meej meej hais architectural style nrog ib lub tsev ntaub es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug dome. No lub tuam tsev yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau ib tug zoo ntau-mus St. Basil lub Cathedral Vasiliya Blazhennogo thiab yog tsim nyog ntawm ib tug ntau tej hauj lwm. Nws tseem yog heev cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab hipped tuam tsev: Intercession (hu ua Trinity) Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Alexander kev sib hais haum (1510), lub Koom Txoos ntawm Uglich "Zoo kawg" (1628), Moscow nyob rau hauv Putinki Nativity ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb lub tsev teev ntuj.

Medvedkovo

No lub tuam tsev yog ua nyob rau hauv high av pem teb (cia muaj Znamenskaya lub caij ntuj no lub tsev teev ntuj), uas ua rau cov tag nrho lub ntim ntawm lub quadrangle, lub ces kaum uas yog ua kom tiav los ntawm me me ncaws. Nyob rau quadrangle yog ib tug ncaj uas tsis muaj lub teeb Octagon ua lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug taw pob zeb tsev ntaub. Lub proportions ntawm lub quadrangular thiab octagonal squat, khoom thiab tsev pheebsuab siv muab ib tug tshwj xeeb kev sib raug zoo thiab yuav luag ya, vim hais tias lub qhov siab ntawm lub tsev ntaub yuav luag ntau tshaj tag nrho sab ib feem ntawm lub tuam tsev. Hauv qab daus, surrounded los ntawm lub qhov thiab muaj ob tug sib npaug zos-lub tsev teev ntuj - Cuaj Martyrs thiab Sergiya Radonezhskogo.

Los ntawm txoj kev, rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia ib tug-taws quadrangular hipped ru tsev tau raug muab ntawm no. Nyob rau lub thaj ntawm lub tsev, topped nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshooj, nws tsawg multi-muaj pes tsawg leeg vim ncua sab hnub tuaj apse ntawm lub qis lub tsev teev ntuj. Kokoshniki, muab tso rau hauv kab nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub quadrangle, thiab raws li lub tsev pheebsuab thiab nyob rau hauv crowning tshooj hais txog pyramidal tsim kho ntawm lub tsev, nws solemnity, aspiration mus rau hauv lub ntuj thiab tsa tus ntsuj plig kev zoo nkauj. Ib tug tuam tsev ntawm sab hnub poob xws li ib tug bunk txhawb faj tim teb chaws style tswb ntauwd, rebuilt nyob rau hauv lub 1840s.

zaj dabneeg

Tej tuaj ib lub sij hawm cim los ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm tej yam ntuj tso qeeg, kev pab los ntawm lub Tug thiab lub Swedes, li ntawd, tsoom fwv, kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag qhov teeb meem ntawm lub xeev yog qhov nyuaj tshaj. Tsev pheebsuab pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv Moscow, thiab tag nrho cov teb chaws los tsim kom tau zoo ceased. Pob zeb tsev, xws li, txawm tu lawm zoo rau nws. Tsuas yog nees nkaum-tsib xyoo, Russia tau mus txog ib tug txaus theem rau lub resumption ntawm cov pob zeb architecture. Yeej, tom qab lub 1620 lub tuam tsev dua yav dhau los hom ntawm vaj tse.

Thiab sai sai raws li los ntawm cov kho kom zoo ntawm Patriarch Nikon, thaum tsev pheebsuab pawg ntseeg tsis "haum nyob rau hauv qib." Nikon nyiam dome ntawm peb los yog tsib tshooj. Nyob rau hauv 1655, nyob rau hauv Vishnyaky nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev hauv lub txib ntawm cov Patriarch ntawm ob chapels twb tiav tsis peaked thiab puag ncig hau, txawm hais tias peb tes num koom tes nrog cov thawj.

Stolpoobraznoe raws li ib tug forerunner

Ntawm no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kuv ua tsis ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm lub tsev teev ntuj kho kom zoo rau tag nrho cov laus thiab cov nyiam ntawm tag nrho cov Byzantine patriarch, xws li tus ntoo khaub lig-dome tsim. Thaum lub tsev teev ntuj marquee nyob rau hauv Russia yog ntau reminiscent ntawm Western Gothic: puab, sib zog ua upward, ntauwd architecture pillar-lub koom txoos.

Piv txwv li, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Ioanna Predtechi nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Djakovo (Moscow) thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm txoj kev Hloov Hlo nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Ostrov (Moscow cheeb tsam). Ob leeg ua nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub thib kaum caug xyoo, thiab yog preceded los ntawm ob pillar-hom vaj tse tsev ntaub. Kuj yuav pab raws li ib qho piv txwv thiab ib lub npe nrov tshaj lub koom txoos, tswb yees "Ivan Veliky", ua nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Ioanna Lestvichnika nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin nyob rau hauv 1505.

piv txwv

Muaj nuj nqi Podkolokolny nrog tier belfry, tsa cia li saum toj no hauv lub tuam tsev, npaj tsev pheebsuab tuam tsev tsis phim. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv architectural kev daws teeb meem, ib tug zoo kawg txoj kev ywj pheej rau cov kws kes duab vajtse, thiab tseem tau txais yuav luag ib txwm slim stolpoobraznye tuam tsev.

Piv txwv li, lub tuam tsev ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob (1476, Trinity-Sergius Lavra), Kolomna St. George Tswb ntauwd (yav tas los - lub tuam tsev ntawm Arhangela Gavriila, 1530 xyoo), lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Simeon-Stylites (Danilovsky Monastery, Moscow, nyob rau hauv 1732, ua dua tus Vaj rooj vag), ob tug kuj rooj vag ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub Donskoy monastery, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh (Novospassky monastery tswb pej thuam), lub tsev teev ntuj Feodora Stratilata Dawb Huv Warrior (Menshikov ntauwd, Moscow, lub puas tawm xyoo) thiab lwm tus neeg.

cim

Pob zeb HIP architecture yog zoo li nyob rau hauv lub cev ntoo, qhov no style tus nais khu los ntawm ancient sij hawm mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Nws nyob, raws li cov keeb kwm, kom meej meej rau kuaj ntawm ntoo. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias rau cov yam ntxwv yog vim li cas dome lub tsev ntaub twb hloov los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub tuam tsev uas ua los ntawm cov ntoo, lub pob zeb siv tsis tau txuam nrog cov qauv. Tiam sis, yog muaj lub siab xav mus pab qhia ib tug tej yam duab - conviviality, mob siab upward. Tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev, tiam sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub capital, elongated silhouettes ntawm cov ntoo lub tuam tsev yog feem txais tos thiab ib txwm ua si ib leading lub luag hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv lub HIP architecture muab lub deepest semantic load: qhov no yog txoj kev mus rau lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm lub ceeb tsheej, thiab kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub square (lub tsim lub ntiaj teb no) nrog ib lub voj voog (lub cim ntawm nyob mus ib txhis). Pob tawb loj loj - cov square, symbolizing lub ntiaj teb, Octagon - tag nrho cov chaw ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub sab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, ntxiv rau ib yim-taw lub hnub qub raws li ib tug cim ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb thiab lub Yim hnub - tus dawb huv tooj rau yav tom ntej pua. Tsev pheebsuab lub crowning tuam tsev - ib tug lub khob hliav qab duab Ntaiv forefather Yakhauj, txoj kev rau Vajtswv.

Kolomenskoye thiab Alexander Sloboda

Trinity Koom Txoos ntawm lub Alexander kev sib hais haum (tam sim no - Intercession) - palace ntawm tub huabtais Vasily III tuam tsev. Tus kwv tij rau hnub ntawm kev tsim kho rau ib ntev lub sij hawm muaj kev tsis sib pom, tab sis tsis ntev los no kev tshawb fawb hnub nws mus rau 1510. Ua ntej no, tus thawj heev tsev pheebsuab lub tsev teev ntuj mas suav hais tias lub Ascension nyob rau hauv Kolomenskoye (1532), uas yog tseem ua nyob rau hauv tib lub zoo None.

Qhov no yog yeej loj tshaj masterpiece, tab sis nws tsis yog tus ua ntej. Ob lub tuam tsev tau ua nyob rau hauv lub sovereign lub manors yuav ua li cas me ntsis courtiers. Thiab Ascension los ua ib tug monument nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus me nyuam yug ntawm ib tug txais - tus poj Ivana Groznogo. Creator ntawm ib tug amazing khaub ncaws ntau nyob rau hauv lub Alexander hais sib haum yog suav hais tias yog kes duab vajtse ntawm ltalis - Tshiab Aleviz, sau ntawm cov Assumption Koom Txoos, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog tej zaum lub Italian - Petroc muaj hnub nyoog.

St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Vim qhov no yog ib qho loj neeg mus ncig tebchaws attraction tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, tab sis tag nrho lub teb chaws, qhov no tsev pheebsuab pawg ntseeg yuav tsum tau qhia ntau yam li sai tau. Kazan Khanate twb swb lawm, thiab twb tsim nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm no monument, rau hnub no yog ib lub cim ntawm Russia, thiab ib tug unsurpassed monument ntawm architecture. Cathedral ntawm tus Intercession rau lub moat ua tau rau lub xyoo (txij li thaum 1555) thiab tau muab unusually, txawm tsis nyob rau hauv ntiajteb no zoo nkauj. Yav tas los, nws tsis muaj tsev nyob rau hauv lub Trinity Koom Txoos thiab lub defensive moat raws Kremlin, uas yog lawm ua tus sau xwb nyob rau hauv 1813. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw yog tam sim no ib tug necropolis thiab mausoleum.

Leej twg yog Vasiliy Blazhenny, faus txoj cai tom ntej no mus Trinity Koom Txoos nyob rau cov liab Square? Qhov no Moscow whacky, muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm clairvoyance, uas kwv yees ntau qeeg, xws li ib tug lossis loj hluav taws nyob rau hauv 1547, thaum hlawv yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm Moscow. Nws tus kheej Ivan Grozny Revered thiab zoo nkauj npaum li cas yog ntshai ntawm Vasiliya Blazhennogo, uas yog vim li cas lawv faus nws nrog honors thiab tus liab chaw. Ntxiv mus, ib tug xov tooj sai nteg lub tuam tsev, uas tom qab pauv mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm clairvoyant neeg ruam, vim hais tias nws lub ntxa tam sim ntawd tom qab lub ntees tuag pib txuj ci tseem ceeb - cov neeg raug kho, pom, neeg ceg tawv mus kev, thiab sawv ntsug tuag tes tuag taw.

Ntawm lub yim yeej

Kazan pib lub phiaj los nqis tes, uas twb nyob rau hauv yeej rau cov thawj lub sij hawm, feem ntau Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau raug kev txom nyem yeej tom qab swb. Ivan qhov txaus ntshai ua ib tug cog lus - yog hais tias Kazan yuav poob, muab tso rau hauv lub Red Square yog tus neeg pej xeem lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm lub yeej. Thiab nws ua tiav raws li cov lus cog tseg kiag li.

Cov tsov ua rog yog ntev, thiab tom qab txhua yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab caj npab tom ntej no mus Trinity Koom Txoos ua ib tug me me lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus neeg dawb huv uas nws hnub tau coincided nrog nws xav xav tau. Tom qab lub rov qab los ntawm Ivan Grozny, es tsis txhob yim tshiab ntoo churches txiav txim siab los muab tso rau ib tug loj pob zeb - nto moo tshaj plaws uas rau ntau centuries.

Legends

Tuam tsev zoo nkauj builders khwv tau xws li ib tug nplua mais ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov dab neeg uas coj txhua yam no yog cia li tsis tau. Feeb, tus huab tais Ivan qhov txaus ntshai ntiav ob tug tswv Barma thiab Postnik Yakovlev. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws yog ib tug neeg - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma los ntawm lub npe, tab sis nicknamed lub Sai. Muaj yog ib tug dab neeg uas tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm lub sovereign architects dig muag thiaj li hais tias lawv yeej tsis thiab tsis pom qhov twg yog tsis muaj dab tsi zoo nkauj tshaj no lub tuam tsev yog tsis ua. Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab ntawm no taleas yog sau! Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog.

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv, thiab ib tug loj heev tooj, tom qab lub Cathedral ntawm lub Intercession Sai ua lub Kazan Kremlin. Dhau nws yuav ua tau zoo nkauj, tej zaum, tab sis tsis pom qhov twg lwm tus. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsis xws li St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo, uas yog tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj yog ib tug zoo ua hauj lwm ntawm architecture. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub tes ntawm cov Sai tsim kho ntawm lub Annunciation Cathedral (Moscow Kremlin), Assumption Cathedral, St. Nicholas Koom Txoos (Sviyazhsk - ob qho tag nrho), txawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. John the Baptist nyob rau hauv Dyakovo. Tag nrho tej tuam tsev no tau tsim ntau tom qab.