Khokhloma - yog dab tsi? Khokhloma: duab, cov qauv, daim duab

Khokhloma - yog dab tsi? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib qho ancient Lavxias teb sab pej xeem cov paj ntaub. Khokhloma painting, Golden Khokhloma, ib tug loj heev stratum ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Cim xim nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm "Khokhloma" yog ib tug fiery Firebird, ib tug xav tsis thoob cim. Lub capital ntawm kev nuv ntses - lub nroog Semenov, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Nizhny Novgorod. Tsis zoo li Gzhelian artistic ntau lawm, uas theem ua ke 27 zos thiab lub zos nyob rau hauv ib tug "lam ua" Khokhloma twb feeb meej nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw. Yog li ntawd, nws kev loj hlob txuas ntxiv ntev txaus. Artistic tivthaiv nuv ntses kuj muaj nqi raws li feemxyuam ntxias yog tsis ntau, thiab kev cob qhia, xws li, tsis yog.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub Golden Khokhloma

Art khoom siv tes ua Khokhloma nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub caij xyoo pua 17th, thaum lub sij hawm sai flowering ntawm icon painting. kev sib hais haum lub sij hawm ntawm Novgorod av Laus ntseeg, uas tsis kam txais lub tsev teev ntuj kho ntawm Patriarch Nikon, coincided nrog lub rov tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev tshiab ntawm gilding icons. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam, lub zos tau kawm pleev xim icons nyob rau hauv kub, tab sis tsis muaj tus siv ntawm precious hlau. Ntoo nyiaj hli icons sprinkled nyiaj zom nyob rau hauv cov hmoov av, thiab ces coated nrog linseed roj thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qhov cub. Nyiaj txheej txuj ci tseem ceeb transformed rau hauv glittering kub. nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm lub tshuab ho tsis muab ib tug ntxiv txhais tau tias los pab txhawb cov txheej txheem, txhua yam twb ua manually. Ib txhia ntxias cas hloov, txua yooj yim cuab yeej los pab, tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, Khokhloma painting siab ensured tsuas los ntawm kev ceev zog. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm uas ntau lawm twb tig, uas yuav tsum tau kev txuj ci tsim nyog. Lub teb yog machined ib tus tswv, luam thiab hlawv lawv lwm leej lwm tus, thiab lwm leej lwm tus pleev xim rau. Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, ib tug kev sib koom tes dag zog ntawm cov kev tshwm sim tau zoo, thiab ntau lawm flourished.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm siab kos duab

Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Volga muaj ib tug kub-pleev xim rau Khokhloma. Los ntawm icons rau sai sai hloov mus rau lub zus tau tej cov tableware ua los ntawm cov ntoo them nrog kub qauv. Nyiaj yog tsis txaus, thiab nws twb hloov los ntawm tin. Cov nuj nqis twb tsis mob heev, on qhov tsis tooj, nrag mas yuav kis tau noble matt thiab tom qab polishing cov xim muaj hlau pib ci zoo li lub hnub. Semenov ntxias tau tuaj ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug koom tes, nrag "Khokhloma" tau ua zoo paub deb tshaj tus ciam teb ntawm lub Nizhny Novgorod xeev. Ib tug tom qab lwm tuaj lub tub txawj tub ntse, kom masters pleev xim rau ntoo tais diav loj loj ob tog, thiab nuv ntses pib tsim sai heev.

Thaum xub thawj carved los ntawm ib tug linden thiab pleev xim Khokhloma qauv diav thiab ladles. Kev Ris Txiaj xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv txawm tsa ib tug monument rau Semyon-Lozhkarev raws li ib tug khoom plig mus rau cov masters thiab ntxias ntawm lub sij hawm. Craftsmen ua hauj lwm tas, Nizhny Novgorod tais diav tau coj thiab ntse muag thaum tus poj chaw ua lag luam Macarius, nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab kev ncaj ncees. Income tais diav thiab Moscow. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab capital, thaum lossi kawm los ntawm txawv teb chaws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub lag luam cov chav kawm ntawv, cov Germans, franzuzy Englishmen. Lawv tam sim ntawd pom qhov txawv Khokhloma khoom.

Khokhloma - dab tsi yog nws los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb lub zej lub zos?

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19 Khokhloma painting rau tais diav, cov rooj tog thiab khaub ncaws tuaj muaj lub npe hu txawv teb chaws. Ntiaj teb tso rau neeg pom nyob rau hauv Paris, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1889, teb cov leem txoj kev rau cov Golden Khokhloma thoob ntiaj teb. Khokhloma painting mus nyob rau hauv export ntawm ib tug dav kwj. Ciaj uas muag nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe, Southeast Asia, Is Nrias teb, Tuam Tshoj, thiab tom qab lub North American sab av loj hloov pauv khoom Lavxias teb sab pej xeem crafts.

High kev thov rau cov khoom tshaj lub Volga masters los ua ib tug stimulus rau ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Golden Khokhloma. ntau lawm kab kev los ntawm sawv ntau lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus yeem ua tais diav thiab cov phiaj, tej kas tham, Krynki rau txuj lom, ntsev co, ntau yam postavtsa, tsom-iav thiab mugs. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog menyuam nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, qhov thiaj li hu ua Bratina - lossis loj crockery nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nkoj uas muaj ib lub teb thoob. Lub npe hais lus rau nws tus kheej, qhov no tais diav npaj rau fraternal banquet. Festive ntsiab yeej ib txwm nrog Khokhloma khoom. Thiab ib qho inexhaustible qhov chaw ntawm kev kawm thiab cov ntxhais rau lawv - nws yog tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj. Khokhloma yog inseparably txuas nrog lub heev qhov chaw, thiab nws keeb kwm.

Lauj kaub tais diav xwb thiab tsis yog

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus cookware, loj me ua yam khoom hauv tsev: thawv, snuff thawv, me me rooj tog khoom, attics, cupboards, tables thiab tej. Golden Khokhloma yuav tau kom, yog tsim nyog ntau npaum li cas kim, tab sis tus nqi tsis thab leej twg. By kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 Khokhloma ua kim kim, vim hais tias lawv cov khoom muaj nuj nqis ntau tham. Muaj floral designs, uas txuas ntxiv mus rau pog koob yawm txwv kev cai, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws nqa ib tug tshwj xeeb tej yam ntuj tso artistic style ntawm kev sau ntawv, uas raws Khokhloma. Duab npaum li cas nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntxias, enthusiasts, drawings thiab sketches txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv kos duab Khokhloma painting.

Khokhloma khoom ho enlarging lawv twb pleev xim rau hauv lub caij ntawm "Kudrin", nrog kub nplooj thiab paj nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov poj niam headscarf, thaum qhia txog yam tshiab yog muaj li ntawm ob peb tawg tsam hauj lwm ua ke rau hauv ib tug duab. Ib qho ntawm feem revered nuj nqis Kokhloma yog "ib tug tshuaj ntsuab," thiab nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo pua 20th, ntxias tau tsim ib tug "Hohloma txog yam tshiab". Yog li ntawd ib tug classic style. Lub coloring qauv li ntxiv cov nyom, tus cwj nrag ua thinner, thiab cov zajlus nrhiav tej yam tshwm sim tseeb. Art style hu ua "Khokhloma", cov duab thiab cov sketches uas nws qhia nws cov txuas ntxiv loj hlob. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv central Russia pib tshwm ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kos duab, zoo li Khokhloma painting, Fedoskino Miniatures thiab Zhostov tais. Ib me ntsis tom qab khwv tau Gzhel factories rau zus tau tej cov hub tableware, uas tsis ntev los ua raws li nrov li Khokhloma ntoo. Lavxias teb sab artistic crafts tau tsim ntse, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev cov crafts uas yuav muab piv rau ib tug siab art.

cov khoom

Khokhloma kos duab - nws yog ib tug heev complex txheej txheem uas muaj ntau yam kev subtleties. Nws yog tsis txaus pleev xim qhov tseeb khoom - nws zoo thiab tsis kuj muaj neeg zoo tag nrho. Yog hais tias tus tswv txiav txim siab los txiav ntoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug os dej dawb Bratina thiab pleev xim nws nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus Golden Khokhloma, nws yog feem ntau tau txais daim ntawv yuav tsum rov qab ua tag nrho cov elegance ntawm ib tug noble noog, thiab nws lub caj dab yuav tsum muaj tseeb yog ib tug "os dej dawb" khoov, uas peb saib nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Khokhloma - dab tsi yog nws los ntawm ib tug kev taw tes ntawm view? Nyob rau hauv raws li txoj cai authenticity ntawm cov khoom, nws ua raws li tej yam canons ntawm mas theem, tshwj xeeb ntawm JSC "Khokhloma Painting" coj qhov zoo ntawm nws cov mis, uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus rau zus tau tej cov Kokhloma khoom. Yog li, tag nrho cov dab nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab no tsis raug rau cov cai ntawm kev ua lag luam, stimulating loj ntau lawm, thiab cov cai ntawm lub artistic ib puag ncig, cov neeg-oriented, muaj ib tug saj. Qhov no txoj cai kev taw qhia twb tau ris txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiav txim pib tuaj tsis yog los ntawm lub souvenir khw thiab tus naas ej daim duab qhov thiab cov khw txiav.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua art khoom nyob rau hauv Khokhloma style - yog ib tug complex txheej txheem saw. Ntoo yog tsuas yog siv sawmills, nrog nyiam muab linden, ob qho tib si sympathetic thiab feem ntau zas ntaub ntawv. Khoom kis ntuj kom qhuav kauj ruam nraum zoov rau ib lub xyoo, thiab ces cav rau Comley tawg teb, uas tom qab-tshuab rau ib tug ntxiv peb lub hlis. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntoo twb yog tsim rau machining rau lathes. Xaiv daim no rau qhov siv thiab ua me nyuam roj hmab, loj vases yog machined los ntawm khoom ridges. Rau yeem thiab ladles haum ntoo sapwood ib feem, nws yog haum yooj yim mus txiav thiab tsis keej.

Carved thiab txiav teb no hu ua "linen" ua ntej painting yog "ris tsho hauv qab" yog qhuav dua ntawm ib tug kub ntawm txog 100 degrees. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom luam thiab loaded dua nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub nyob rau 120 degrees. Ces tus workpiece yog av, tawg thiab potholes rau ntawm qhov chaw shpaklyuyut thiab coated nrog ib tug nyias txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish. Tsis ntev ua ntej ua tiav kom qhuav preform coated txhuas hmoov thiab triturated nws yog li ntawd tag nrho saum npoo twb uniformly coated. Ntxiv mus, cov nyiaj-Frosted khob, diav, saucers, vases thiab tais tuaj mus rau qhov nyuab rau xov - Khokhloma kos duab painting.

Tom qab nrag cov khoom peb lub sij hawm lacquered nrog ib nrab cua kub rau 130 degrees. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub txhuas txheej acquires ib tug Golden hue, cov khoom yog npaj txhij rau lub ntim thiab zaub mov xa tuaj.

hom ntawm painting

Nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua Khokhloma painting mus txog rau nws kawg nkaus, qhov kev thov rau art khoom tag nrho cov ntau zog, thiab Nizhny Novgorod masters thaum twb nyob rau lub sab saum toj ntawm nws creativity. Nws yog ces, thiab tau tsim ob lub ntsiab hom nrag Golden Khokhloma - "nees" thiab "keeb kwm yav dhau".

Khokhloma, cov qauv uas tau pleev xim rau hauv lub caij ntawm "Nees" painting, nws yog ib qho ntawm ib tug Golden teb, tua nyob rau hauv dub thiab liab xim. Cov artist thim ib tug zoo mesh qauv ntawm tus cwj nrag, raws li cov no ib tug twg ntawm cov hauv qab no yeej:

• "Gingerbread" - ib tug stylized daim duab ntawm lub hnub, uas xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv ib tug duab puab, square, pob zeb diamond los yog ib qho kev txiav voj voog. Cov kev thaum xub thawj pom yooj yim, tab sis los ntawm lub hnub ci vajvoog, framed los ntawm curls-rays saib twb tsis rhuav, yog li organically ua ke nrog cov poj luminary lwm tus ncej.
• "Travnik" - herbal qhia txog yam tshiab, txawv los yog nqaum sedge tiaj nyom nyom.
• "Nplooj, ib tug txiv hmab txiv ntoo" - pleev xim rau nrog ib tug ntau ntawm nplooj thiab berries, paj thiab stems, intricately interwoven nrog txhua lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub "nees", Khokhloma, uas cov qauv tso rau kub rau lub hauv paus ntawm liab los yog dub, twb xam tau tias "tom qab." Cov feem nthuav ntau yam ntawm paintings nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau yog "Kudrin", uas yog ib tug stylized daim duab ntawm nplooj thiab paj. Ua Kudrevatov curls, xa mus rau hauv intricate qauv, paj, nplooj, thiab tag nrho cov hom ntawm berries, vaj teb thiab hav zoov. Qhov no style ntawm painting yog notable rau lub dav siv nyob rau hauv kos duab lub contour kab, ib qho kev zoo rau teem tawm tus neeg qhov chaw.

phoontawv

Txij li thaum lub nruab nrab-xyoo pua 20th pib systematize Khokhloma painting, luam Wage nrog rau feem ntau nthuav lub nrws, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws twb muab tsub lub daim ntawv pov thawj. Cov hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv ntxias nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm "Khokhloma", cov duab thiab cov drawings uas raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv xovxwm, los ua cov neeg koom los ntawm ntau yam kev sib tw thiab miv. Tus sau phau ntawv yog khoom tau txais prizes thiab khoom plig rau lawv cov tswv yim zoo txhim. Nyob rau tej shows txhua leej txhua tus yuav yuav qhov khoom ua nyob rau hauv lub artistic style hu ua "Khokhloma". Photo rau lub cim xeeb nrog lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus wizard ua tam sim ntawd. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tom qab ib tug zoo nkauj lacquered tshaj plaws txaus nws tus tswv.

Khokhloma ob lub qhov muag ntawm ib tug me nyuam

Kindergartens, tim teb thiab txawm nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, tau txais rooj tog, ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Khokhloma painting. Txawm lub artistic style yeej ib txwm raug suav hais tias "neeg laus" cov me nyuam tiag tiag txaus siab rau txhua lub rooj, pleev xim rau nrog cov artist. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws tsis yog ib tug tes-ua, cov khoom tau pleev xim rau cov rooj tog Hoobkas, los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam luam ntawv. Tab sis lub tswv yim ntawm siab art Khokhloma painting yog tam sim no, thiab nws zoo siab rau cov me nyuam. Ua ke nrog cov me nyuam zoo siab rau cov niam txiv. Yog li, cov me nyuam Khokhloma yog tsis muaj zuj zus tshaj qhov "neeg laus".

Ntsiab rau lub tsev kawm ntawv tsab ntawv

Txoj kev kawm cov kev pab cuam yog ntau yam. Khokhloma - dab tsi yog nws nrog tus kws qhia ntawv taw tes ntawm view? Nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow thiab cov Moscow cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam Lavxias teb sab lub zos nyob rau hauv cov kev cob qhia kev pab cuam yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem arts and crafts, qhov twg hauv thawj qhov chaw yog kos duab rau ntawm Khokhloma painting. Nws keeb kwm ntev thiab ntiaj teb nto moo pab kom cov menyuam kawm ntawv qhia lawv tus kheej lub tswv yim, qhia nws rau ntawm daim ntawv thiab tau txais ib tug kwv yees. Nws yuav ua tau ib tug tag nrho sau ntawv rau ib lub npe los yog ib tug luv luv zaj dabneeg. Khokhloma li kos duab tseem tsim ntse, nws yog tsim nyog ntawm cov xim-lub tsev kawm ntawv cov laus. Txawm li cas los, qhov tsawg dua cov chav kawm ntawv, dhau lawm, muaj peev xwm koom tau rau hauv lub sib cav tswv yim.

Khokhloma nyob rau hauv lub song ib hom ntawv nyeem

Fine kos duab yog feem ntau nrog rau lwm pawg ntawm creativity. Art Khokhloma painting yog tsis muaj exception. Lub song "Khokhloma" ntev yeej chaw. Nws ua tau zoo singer hu nkauj, choirs thiab ib tug neeg hu nkauj. Zoo nkauj suab paj nruag, soulful paj huam, dhau lawm, sau los ntawm lub plawv. Thaum lub Eurovision Song "Khokhloma" yog tsis yog ib qho chaw ntawm yawm.