"Keeb kwm" ntawm Herodotus: Tus thawj scientific los kawm txog ntiaj teb no yav dhau los

"Keeb kwm" ntawm Herodotus - tus naas ej Greek tus paub txog thiab traveler - yog xav tau lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj scientific keeb kwm ua hauj lwm. Sau nyob rau hauv nws tej kev mus uas nws kim heev cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm, geography, mythology, lub neej thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm lub ntau yam haiv neeg, nws sau ib yam tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm, uas hnub no yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm ancient keeb kwm. Cov neeg ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muab los ntawm lub Greek sau ntawm cuaj-on cov nplooj ntawv ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm, tau raug dua paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm archaeologists, anthropologists, thiab geographers ntawm tom qab ntau tiam neeg.

Lub predecessors ntawm Herodotus: logographs

Nws yog xav hais tias lub rov tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm raws li ib tug science tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ancient zej zog. Ua ntej no, cov neeg kuj tau sim ntau txoj kev los mus piav txog tus txheej xwm uas coj qhov chaw ua ntej lawm (piv txwv yog lub series ntawm cov phau ntawv hauv phau Vajlugkub, ntau yam annals thiab keeb kwm). Cov hauj lwm, preceded los ntawm ib tug scientific keeb kwm ua hauj lwm, hu ua "historiography".

Ntev ua ntej nws twb sau ntawv "keeb kwm" Herodotus, lub ancient Greek keeb kwm prose twb sawv cev los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm logograph - sau phau ntawv, combines cov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov txheej xwm uas myths xwb, legends thiab thaj hauj lwm rau ntawm qhov chaw, uas tau ua nws. Thawj logograph assumed Cadmus ntawm Miletus, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI BC. Niaj hnub no science kuj paub cov npe ntawm Hecataeus ntawm Miletus, Akusilaya Argos, Charon ntawm Lampsacus, Xanthus ntawm Lydia.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov sau phau ntawv yog peculiar art daim ntawv. Txawm tias lawv tau sau nyob rau hauv prose, lawv tseg ib tug ntau ntawm imitations ntawm Greek poetic hais lus. Qhov chaw rau logograph twb epic tales thiab paj huam, lub zos keeb kwm thiab annals thiab lawv tus kheej pom, raws li zoo raws li cov dab neeg uas cov neeg mus, tub txawj tub ntse, cov neeg tsav nkoj uas tau mus xyuas deb wanderings. Sib lawv liag constructing tso siab rau logographs heev tsis muaj tseeb, tab sis lawv yog cov thawj yuav tau siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov keeb kwm cov txheej xwm cov npe ntawm cov vajntxwv thiab ua hauj lwm, qhia cov tswvyim ntawm "hnub nyoog", sib npaug zos rau ib puas xyoo los yog peb "tiam". Them zoo xim rau myths xwb thiab genealogies, lawv kuj kho nrog ib tug nplua nuj keeb kwm ntaub ntawv, ho tob nyob rau hauv ntau yam ethnological thiab thaj yam. Txawm li cas los, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lawv yog tseem tsis yog ib tug kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov tseeb thiab cov kos duab ntawm lus qhia, ces tus hauj lwm logograph tseem yog uas tsis yog-kev, thiab narrative tseeb.

Herodotus: biography

Tus thawj ua hauj lwm uas yog xam yuav cov keeb kwm, tsim ib tug Greek tus paub txog thiab philosopher Herodotus. Keeb kwm tau fwm tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas cov lus qhia txog cov biography ntawm no kuj zoo kawg txiv neej.

Lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej yog xav tau 484 (5) - 425 xyoo BC. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub Doric nroog ntawm Halicarnassus (nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntawm Asia muaj hnub nyoog) nyob rau hauv tus nplua nuj thiab noble tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv tawm tsam ntawm lub aristocracy tiv thaiv tus kav-tyrant, tsis kawm tau ntawv zoo nyob rau hauv no, thiab nrog rau ntau lwm tus neeg tau yuam kom mus rau hauv exile.

Chiv, Herodotus tswm rau cov kob ntawm Samos - ib qho ntawm feem influential thiab richest ntawm lub Ionian Islands tuaj, tswj tag nrho thaj ib sab ntawm lub hiav txwv Mediterranean. Ntse thiab kawm ntawv tug tub hluas tsis ntev kawm cov keeb kwm, lus, tsoom fwv ntawm thaj av no thiab yuav zoo nyob rau Samos nyob - tab sis nws xaiv mus mus ncig teb chaws ntxiv lawm.

mus ncig teb chaws Herodotus

Qhov kev npaj yuav mus sau cov keeb kwm ntawm Herodotus lub Greek-Persian kev tsov kev rog. Nws xav rau account cov secrets ntawm lub Persian pab tub rog rog - to taub raws nraim li cas no multi-ethnic thiab multi-lingual fwjchim luj kawg nkaus yuav sib txuas lus zoo li ntawd. Xav qhia rau dab tsi koj tsis paub dab tsi thiab tsis tau hais tias lwm zaum, nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv ncig teb chaws - saib, xav, piav txog, txuas lus nrog cov neeg.

Thaum xub thawj nws mus rau Cyprus thiab Tire, qhov twg nws tham nrog cov pov thawj, thiab ces mus rau sab qab teb - nyob rau hauv lub Gaza Sawb, los ntawm uas mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws. Mus nram lub Nile rau Siena, nws ua nws txoj kev mus rau lub hiav txwv liab, los pom, hnov, thiab pom nrog koj ob lub qhov muag ntau li ntau tau txog lub ntiaj teb no - nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nrhiav nws Herodotus.

Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm nws tej kev mus txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj: ib tus paub txog tau kov yeej deb deb ntawm Libya rau Assyria, Npanpiloo thiab Ecbatana. Tom qab ntawd, nws rov qab mus rau cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog, ntxiv mus rau sab xis nyob rau Hellespont, thiab lub teb chaws ntawm lub sab qaum teb Dub hiav txwv tub tiv thaiv, uas taug mus rau lub Olbia - Miletus colony. Kuv tau mus xyuas Herodotus thiab Greek lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Balkans. Nws mus, nws tau paub tseeb hais tias cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas pom nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv 444 BC nws mus rau tus Olympics nyob rau hauv Athens, qhov uas nws laj mej pej xeem nyeem lawv tej hauj lwm. No nws tau txais los ntawm lub Greeks ib tug zoo nqi zog rau cov sij hawm - kaum txuj ci (txog peb puas kilograms ntawm kub).

Tom qab qhov kev tshwm sim, nws coj ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv lub founding Greek zos nyob rau hauv Furiyah. Vaj kub siab heev los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg, nws tau los ua ib tug ardent supporter ntawm lawv tsoom fwv, coj pej xeem thiab txuas ntxiv mus nyob rau hauv lub colony. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Furiyah qhov chaw ntawm 430-425 xyoo BC, thiab tuag, tawm hauv tsuas yog ib qho, tab sis qhov loj tshaj ua hauj lwm yog thawj tus paub txog keeb kwm lub npe hu rau noob neej - Herodotus.

"Keeb kwm": txoj kev

Cov qhabnias ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm paub txog ua ke rau hauv ib tug peb-dimensional ua hauj lwm, daim ntawv sau nyob rau hauv ib tug cus ciav, yeeb yuj lus, lees tias tus neeg sau txoj extraordinary theem ntawm kev txawj nyob rau hauv kos duab rau ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm zaj dab neeg. tsim tej hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam pom xwb kwv yees li, nruab nrab ntawm 427-421 xyoo BC.

"Keeb kwm" ntawm Herodotus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas peb paub nws hnub no, yog muaj li ntawm cuaj cov phau ntawv thiab (thawm xyoo) ib zaug xwb thawj coj. Txhua phau ntawv yog hu ua tom qab ib tug ntawm cov Greek Muses. Lub division ntawm cov ntawv nyeem hauv phau ntawv Phau tshwm sim tom qab raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej hauj lwm grammars Alexandria ua. Introduction muaj cov lus qhia txog lub npe ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm thiab qhia lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm nws ua hauj lwm.

Tus sau ntawm Herodotus qhia txog cov Greco-Persian kev tsov kev rog thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm ancient haiv neeg. Nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ancient lub teb chaws (Lydia, Media, Tim lyiv teb chaws, Persia, Scythia), lawv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Greeks thiab nrog txhua lwm yam. Combining qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov txheej xwm thiab nws kev xav rau saum toj no, "txiv ntawm keeb kwm" Herodotus thawj reacted critically rau hauv lub qhov chaw tso siab rau nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawv ntawm nws ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li systematized tseeb. Yuav kom piav qhia txog cov loj thaj thiab anthropological asides nws thawj siv lub tswvyim los ntawm nws tus kheej.

"Keeb kwm" ntawm Herodotus: tus nqi

Labor Herodotus hu ua ambiguous tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg uas ua raws li nyob rau hauv nws footsteps, txuas ntxiv mus tsim qhov kev kawm ntawm cov keeb kwm. Ib txhia hu ua sau ntawm lub "leej txiv ntawm keeb kwm", lwm leej lwm tus liam hais tias nws dag, nrhiav tau lub uas tsis thiab misinterpreted cov txheej xwm.

Txawm li cas los, ntau yam kev tshawb fawb ua ib tug xyoo tom qab, thiab - saum toj no tag nrho - lub archaeological discoveries pom tau hais tias feem ntau txiav txim ntawm Herodotus piav nyob rau hauv nws "History", muab tawm yuav muaj tseeb. Niaj hnub no, nws ua hauj lwm yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg nqi, tsis tsuas keeb kwm, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub artistic, kev cai, kev sau ntawv txiav txim zoo, Herodotus ua ib qho ntawm feem nthuav sau ntawv ntawm antiquity.