Isomers ntawm heptane: general yam ntxwv thiab daim ntawv thov

Alkanes (paraffins, noo hydrocarbons) - biosoedineniya muaj tsuas C thiab H atoms, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas atoms yog txuas los ntawm tej yam yooj yim sigma bonds. Qhov yooj yim paraffinic hydrocarbon yog methane. Txhua tom ntej series ntawm hydrocarbon txawv los ntawm lub yav dhau los rau cov pab pawg neeg CH2. Nyob rau hauv no series ntawm tebchaw uas nyob ib sab cov neeg txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau homology sib txawv (CH2) zoo xws li cov series yog hu ua homologous. Rau xws li series yog yus muaj los ntawm zoo xws li cov tshuaj zog thiab lub zog sib txawv tsis tu ncua.

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm synthesis alaknov - roj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws nyob ntawm lub biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tso nyiaj. Unsaturated hydrocarbons yog ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw rau formaldehyde, methanol, chloroform, yas, hluavtaws resins, ethers, acetone, glycerol, propylene, polypropylene, hluavtaws roj hmab butandienovogo, acetate acid thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam alkanes tau los ntawm shale thiab xim av thee. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, alkanes - ib tug sib inert substance. Thaum chav tsev kub, lawv tsis nrog tej concentrated acid sulfate los yog nrog alkali hlau los yog nrog caustic alkalis. Paraffins nkag yauv hloov tshua, uas mus los ntawm ib tug radical mechanism. Nyob rau hauv thermal tej yam kev mob, lawv muaj peev xwm oxidize thiab yauv decomposition.

Heptane isomers yuav tau ob qho tib si los ntawm cov pa txoj kev synthesis ntawm alkanes, raws li zoo raws li los ntawm kev rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom cua roj av los yog roj. n-Heptane - tsis muaj kob kua nrog ib tug faint yam ntxwv tsw, nws yog zoo soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents (ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether). Heptane isomers, nyob rau hauv particular triptane (2,2,3-trimethylbutane - CH3-C (CH3) 2-CH (CH3) -CH3) muaj cov tswv yim siv. Qhov no compound yog siv raws li additive rau lub cev muaj zog roj. Isomers ntawm heptane muaj nyob rau hauv lub roj zauv feem ntawm cov roj thiab cov pa roj condensate. n-Heptane - thawj txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim av zog lub khanpuletauj ntawm lub cav tsheb roj a. Thaum lub sij hawm reforming ntawm n-hexane twb hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv isomers ntawm heptane, ces muaj ntxhiab compound nyob rau hauv degidrotsikliziruetsya - toluene.

Nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS, ib tug ntau tshwm sim ntawm isomerism. Muaj ob lub ntsiab hom isomerism - ntxwv thiab stereoisomers. Txhua yam yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv hom: isomerism hydrocarbon saw, kev tso kawm ntawm ob bonds thiab functional pawg mus rau lub carboxylic radical, metamerism, isomers deputies qhov chaw benzelnom tub ntxhais. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw ntawm cov stereoisomerism yuav siv sij hawm kho qhov muag isomers. Qhov no hom yog txuam nrog rau cov muaj peev xwm ntawm tej pab pawg ntawm cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab muaj kho qhov muag ua si. Tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm seeb kho qhov muag ua si, hu ua optically active tshuaj. Isomerism organic tebchaw yog txiav txim siv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev ntsuas - polarimeter. Tus ntaus ntawv yog txawm peem rau nrog ob tug prisms Nicolas analyzer polarimetric raj.

Optically lub tebchaw feem ntau yog muaj nyob raws li ob kho qhov muag isomers. Cov no yog hu ua kho qhov muag antipodes los yog enantiomers. Ib tug sib tov muaj li ntawm equimolar cov nqi ntawm cov enantiomeric, optically tsaug zog, yog hu ua ib tug racemate los yog racemic compound. Racemates yog denoted los ntawm tus kos npe rau ±. Qhov yooj yim optically active tshuaj yog lactate acid molecule nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug asymmetric carbon atom, muaj ib tug valence uas yog txuas mus rau plaub txawv substituents - hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, thiab carboxyl pawg.

Txhua organic compound nyob rau hauv lub molecule uas muaj ib tug asymmetric carbon atom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov spatial ntaub ntawv (qauv) nrog tib tus nqi ntawm cov tib atoms thiab pawg muab tso rau ib ncig ntawm lub asymmetric carbon, yog li ntawd thaum combining lawv (cov ntaub ntawv, cov qauv) nyob rau hauv lub chaw yuav tsis muaj ncav cuag lawv cov full coincidence. Cov qauv yog zoo xws li cov li txoj cai thiab sab laug tes tus neeg los yog ib tug kwv thiab nws cov iav duab. Yog li ntawd lawv yog hu ua chiral isomers thiab isomerism - kho qhov muag, los yog daim iav.