Ethyl cawv: lus qhia dav dav, txoj kev ntawm kev npaj thiab kev siv

Alcohols - derivatives ntawm hydrocarbons, nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv nyob rau ib los yog ntau tshaj hydrogens pawg rau ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg (OH). Lower alcohols yog soluble nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov proportions nyob rau hauv cov dej. Nrog alcohols acids tsim esters. hydroxyl pab pawg neeg yog hydrogen tej zaum yuav hloov. Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sodium hlau alcoholates raug tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis txheej txheem alkoxides decompose rau dej thiab sodium hydroxide.

Primary alcohols zoo oxidized tsim aldehydes. Aldehydes - organic tebchaw uas muaj cov OH pab pawg thiab tsis muab esters; tawg ua me me raws li qhov ntxiv oxidation rau acids nrog carboxylic tsawg atoms. Thaum lub sij hawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm alcohols tau unsaturated hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm aliphatic alcohols yog feem ntau narcotic. Lub zog ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov cawv nyob ntawm seb lawv lub zog. Thaum muab piv nrog mono- los yog polyhydric alcohols pom tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub yav tas yog tsis muaj zog txaus, thiab tej zaum kuj txawm poob, piv txwv li ua pes tsawg tus hydroxyl pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule thiaj li pharmacological txiav txim, piv txwv li, glycerol twb tsis muaj appreciable tshuaj kev txiav txim.

Kev npaj ntawm ethyl cawv

Haus dej cawv rau kev kho mob hom phiaj yog tau los ntawm fermentation uas muaj suab thaj. Fermentable carbohydrates raug rye, qos yaj ywm, maize, thiab lwm yam tsob nroj ntaub ntawv. Tam sim no, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov paub intermediate theem ntawm dej cawv fermentation. Nyob rau hauv distillery khoom khoom (qos thiab cov zoo li) yog thawj zaug ntxuav los ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab av nkos, thiab ces loaded rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev lis ntshav thawv, uas tsim chav nyob rau hauv siab nyob rau hauv ob los yog peb atmospheres. Starch, uas yog nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm, yog li dhau mus ua ib tug muab tshuaj txhuam. Cov uas ua loj yog kis tau mus rau lub mash tun nrog lub zog thiab muaj zaj yog txias mus rau 50 degrees. Yuav kom qhov no yog ntxiv rau malt nyob rau hauv ntau mus txog rau 10% los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm qos yaj ywm. Malt barley germination npaj. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm germination ntawm barley nyob rau hauv cov nplej yog cov tsim thiab txuam nrog ntawm enzymes, ib tug uas yog cov enzyme amylase. Lub enzyme hydrolyzes lub hmoov txhuv nplej rau maltose. Ces, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm maltose enzyme invertase yog hloov mus rau hauv ib tug aqueous nruab nrab kom qabzib. Xeem pawg Zymase hloov dua siab tshiab rau Ethanol nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm carbon dioxide. Cov txheej txheem yog suav tias yog tiav thaum lub evolution ntawm carbon diokisda haujlwm. Cov uas ua kua yog hu ua wort, uas muaj txog 18% cawv thiab ntau yam intermediates fermentation - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde acetate), siab dua alcohols, esters, etc. Tom ntej no, lub mash yog raug distillation. Ua ntej, ib tug sib tov nrog ib tug dej cawv rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm hais txog 70%, ces cov theem ntawm lub yav tas yog nce 96%. Ethyl cawv twb dhau rau zaum kawg purification los ntawm tshuab txais charcoal.

Kev lag kev luam zoo los npaj synthetically cawv - ethylene, uas nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm acid sulphate muab sulfatnoetilovy ether decomposes nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm dej thiab ethyl cawv mus rau ib tug sulphate acid. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias dej cawv yuav tsim los ntawm acetylene. Rau lub hom phiaj no, acetylene twb dhau los ntawm ib tug aqueous tov ntawm acid sulphate nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm catalyst, nws hniav cov dej dua mus rau hauv ethanal. Lub aldehyde yog distilled tawm thiab yog txo nrog hydrogen mus rau lub haus dej cawv. cawv concentration yog qhia nyob rau hauv degrees, e.g., 33 °, 40 °. Cov degrees qhia ntau npaum li cas volume ntawm dej cawv muaj nyob rau hauv 100 units ntawm volume ntawm cov tshuaj.

Muaj cov nram qab no haus dej haus cawv qib:

- nyoos (92-95 °), insufficiently tshem ntawm fusel roj thiab aldehydes;

- rectified (95-96 °), suab free ntawm impurities;

- tsis - suab anhydrous;

- denatured - nyoos haus dej haus cawv, uas yog ntxiv pyridine ntuj nitrogenous puag; Nws yog siv rau industrial thiab domestic hom phiaj.

Ethyl cawv - Inflammable pob tshab kua muaj ib tug nruab nrab ras txog, lub cawv tsw thiab hlawv saj. Ntshiab cawv yog ib tug zoo organic kuab. ethanol ceev nyob rau ntawm nws lub concentration nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj (e.g., 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

Kev siv ntawm ethanol

Txo los sis tua kab mob, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv ntau saum toj no 60-70%. Cov tshuaj activates plab zom mov, reflexively tej cov kev ua ntawm cov pa center thiab lub plawv rau tsaus muag. Externally thov raws li ib tug tshuaj tua kab mob, irritant, ib tug txias thiab refreshing cov kev kho mob ntawm kub nyhiab (Kuv degree thiab II) txhais tau tias.