Kev ua lag luam coob. Qhov kev thov nkhaus. Txoj cai ntawm mov

Economic science yuav ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tswv yim, cov kev cai, kev cai, cov qauv, hypotheses thiab cov tswv yim. Tsis yog tus twg daim ntawv qhia tsis tau kiag li txoj cai los yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Xav txhua economist amenable mus thuam. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis zoo li kev kawm txog zauv, caij nyoog kev cai, xws li ob zaug ob yog plaub, muaj tsuas yog tsis muaj.

Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb. Chief ntawm lawv yog muab zais rau hauv tus kwv ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas yog xaiv nyob rau hauv no science raws li lub ntsiab - cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev kawm ntawm kev ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo.

Yuav ua li cas to taub no? Yuav ua li cas yog zoo ib tug, yog tsis ib txwm raws li zoo raws li lwm cov. Txhua tus neeg ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo muaj nws tus kheej marginal nqi hluav taws xob ntawm ib yam khoom, khoom, kev pab cuam. Ib tug neeg ua thiab ib tug neeg kov.

Qhov tsab xov xwm paub meej kev ua lag luam coob, qhov kev thov nkhaus, cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam cov theem.

hom ntawm kev thov

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no science, lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag, yeej ib txwm pib nrog ib tug kev piav qhia ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev mov thiab thov. Lawv yog ib tug uas, paub txog tias, koj yuav pib xyuas cov nyiaj txiag mus thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua lag luam koom.

Yog li ntawd, qhov kev thov - nws tshaj tawm hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau rau tej yam zoo ntawm cov kev kawm ntawm kev ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj muaj cov nyiaj rau ib tug tej yam khoom uas koj xav tau, koj twb tsim tau ib tug kev thov rau nws yog zoo.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov kev thov nyob rau hauv lub lag luam elasticity, uas qhia txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm mov thiab thov los ntawm cov nqi rau ntawm cov kev xav tau kev zoo.

Nyob rau hauv no cais ib tug neeg, lag luam thiab sau ua ib pawg coob. Lawv txawv xwb nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg koom thiab cov ua lag luam scale.

Yog li, tus neeg thov - ib tug thov rau cov khoom, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam buyer. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj yeej xav tau ib tug tank, nws yog koj ib tug neeg xav tau.

Kev ua lag luam thov - qhov no yog tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag muaj nqis, uas combines ob peb tug neeg thov. Los ntawm no zoo ntawm kev thov yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug consignment ntawm ib tug tej yam kev pab. Hais tias yog, muab piv rau cov thawj saib, nws yog ib tug loj-scale tswvyim, uas yog nyob tsis nyob rau ib qho ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm kev ua lag luam kev sib raug zoo, tab sis nyob rau tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg.

Aggregate thov - lub sum ntawm tag nrho cov hauv zos thov, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kev ua lag luam. Peb yuav hais tias nws yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov economic lam nyob txawv khoom, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kev ua lag luam, uas yog, lub neej coj kev ua lag luam coob.

Qhov kev thov nkhaus. Txoj cai ntawm mov

Economists rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tswvyim siv kev cai neeg cov qauv thiab ua los. Nyob rau hauv tib yam piav nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej kom.

Nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj ntawm kev thov muab cov hypothesis hais tias tus qis tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, qhov ntau nws yuav tau mus muag cov chav nyob, ceteris paribus. Cov assumption nkawd kiag li plausible xwb tom ntej glance, tab sis hais tias nws tso cai rau koj mus muab cov thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv tus economic tsom xam ntawm lub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lag luam coob.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li lub elasticity ntawm kev thov, kev cai lij choj yuav tsis nkaus muaj tseeb, tab sis qhia txog qhov no tom qab.

Yuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej yuav siv tau rau kev tsom xam cov kev ua lag luam thov? Qhov kev thov nkhaus yog siv los pom cov kev tshwm sim tau nyob rau hauv tus sau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov kev thov rau cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam. Nws yog ib lub teeb, uas yog muab tso ua ke rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qib ntawm kev thov nyob rau kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus nqi rau cov khoom siv.

Piv txwv li, peb muaj cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv:

tus nqi ntawm cov kev pab cuam, USD (R)	cov theem ntawm kev thov, USD (Q)
11	25
15	22
20	21
25	16

Xav txog tej yam uas cov lus saum toj no qhia txog ib tug kev ua lag luam coob. Qhov kev thov nkhaus yuav raws li nram no:

Raws li koj tau pom, thov yog tsis ncaj nraim nyob rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, thiab yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug nkhaus. Ib yam li ntawd, koj muaj peev xwm graphically tso saib tej kev ua lag luam coob. Qhov kev thov nkhaus yog yeej ib txwm kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias lub dependence ntawm cov nqi xav tau kev pab ua lag luam koom.

thov equation

Nws yog tshwm hais tias txhua tus nqi sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau theem ntawm kev thov. Nyob rau hauv txhua economy, ib tug tshwm sim zaum yuav piav tau siv ib lub mis. Yuav ua li cas mus thov no rau peb cov kev tshawb fawb kwv?

Kev ua lag luam thov nkhaus, ib lub teeb uas yog saum toj no, yuav tau piav siv ib lub mis. Siv nws, koj yuav yooj yim thiab thaum twg lub sij hawm mus nrhiav tau tawm yog ntau npaum li cas thov yuav ywj faj ywj fwm nrog kev hloov nyob rau hauv ib nqi.

Qhov no yog heev pab tau cov ntaub ntawv rau cov thawj tswj hwm (managers) ntawm kev muag khoom, coj mus muag tiv thaiv txog tej Enterprises, npe, tuam txhab uas muag uas koom nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm ib yam khoom. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv feem ntau ciaj uas muag muaj kev sib tw, thiab tus caum qab ntawm profit yuav tsum txhob hnov qab tias qhov kev thov yuav raug hloov.

Cov kab zauv ntawm lub lag luam kev thov nkhaus yuav sawv cev raws li nram no:

P = x - y * q, qhov twg:

x, y - tsis hais tias yog tau los ntawm cais hauv lub xeev ntawm lub lag luam. "X" - nws yog ib tus nqi theem ntawm uas qhov kev thov yuav tsum tau sib npaug zos rau 0. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm "y" yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm slope txheeb ze mus rau lub axis. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ob nce mus nce los txiav txim cov kev siv uas qhov kev thov mas nws txawv nyob ntawm seb lub tsev tus nqi hloov.

Lub teeb yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv kev xyaum

Thov no kab zauv, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, nws yuav pom tseeb hais tias kev ua lag luam thov nkhaus qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas lub ntim yuav txo tau kev muag khoom los ntawm kev ua nws cov nqi. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, koj yuav tsum tau saib rau cov uas qhov teeb meem no, thaum muaj ib tug sis raws li tau nqi nrog lub siab tshaj plaws tagnrho ntawm kev muag khoom los ntawm cov khoom. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub tuam txhab tau txais nyiaj pab ntau tshaj cov nyiaj khwv tau los ntawm lawv cov kev ua ub no.

Yog li ntawd, qhov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev thov tshua ib yam: lub sab tus nqi ntawm P, qhov ntau yuav tau cov khoom. Tab sis nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no xyov cov ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau ib qhov txawv?

Yooj Yim - qhov zoo tshaj influencing thov

Elasticity ntawm kev thov yog hu ua tus index los mus txiav txim, nyob ntawm seb tus neeg ua si rau cov nqi los yog qib ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tub lag luam kom tau cov khoom los yog cov kev pab cuam.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug los ze zog saib cov nqi elasticity ntawm kev thov.

elasticity hom

Cov nram qab no hom ntawm kev thov yuav tsum tau qhia nyob rau hauv tus qauv thiab lub hom economic qauv lub tsev ib lub lag luam khwv nyiaj txiag:

1. Zoo kawg nkaus elastic.

2. Elastic.

3. Cov elastic.

4. Inelastic.

5. Kiag li inelastic.

Tus thawj hom qhia txhais tau tias lub buyer ntawm cov khoom tsis yog xaiv yaam, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov hloov los yog analogues, thiab yog li qhov kev thov yuav hnov mob xav rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv nqe. Koj yuav tau hais tias muaj no tsuas muaj ib tau nqi rau cov khoom, nyob rau hauv uas yuav ua tau ib tug kev thov rau nws.

Qhov thib ob hom qhia hais tias tus nqi hloov mus hloov los tsawg tshaj li cov theem ntawm kev thov hloov. Yog li ntawd feem ntau rooj plaub, thaum cov khoom no yog nyob ze rau qhov khoom kim heev cov khoom.

Nyob rau hauv ib nrab elasticity ntawm lub lag luam kev thov nkhaus qhia tau hais tias qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev thov yog proportional rau nqi. Hais tias yog, lub teeb yuav tsum tau cai ncaj txoj kab uas tshuam ob leeg axes muaj tib lub deb ntawm lawv pib.

Tsis yeej ib txwm thov nyob rau nqi

Ntxiv mus, inelastic thov. Feem ntau, nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub lag luam khoom uas hais tias cov neeg siv txhua txhua hnub. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog ib tug xab npum, ntaub hoob nab, rab chais tuaj, thiab cov zoo li. Uas yog, cov neeg pawg ntawm cov khoom uas tau txais kev pab tiag tiag yuav tsum tau, thiab lawv npaj txhij rau lawv overpay ib tug me ntsis.

Nws kuj yuav khoom uas yog tswvcuab rau lub lag luam nyob rau hauv ib tug heev nqaim ntau, thiab nyob rau nws muaj ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm hloov.

Xeem saib ib tug kiag li inelastic thov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub lag luam kev thov nkhaus qhia tau hais tias ib qhov teeb meem nyob qhov twg qhov kev thov rau cov khoom tsis yog nyob ntawm seb nws cov nqi. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib txoj kab mus tib seem nrog lub nqi axis.

Qhov no yog dab tsi tshwm sim thaum lub soj ntsuam kev ua lag luam staples. Tej zaum lawv yuav tshuaj, kev kho mob cov cuab yeej, tej pab pawg ntawm cov zaub mov cov khoom (qhob cij, cov dej, thiab lwm yam), Utilities (dej, hluav taws xob, gas), thiab lwm yam

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus influences qhov kev thov?

Lub curves ntawm ib tug neeg thiab ua lag luam thov pab rau kev tsom xam cov buying kev ua si, raws li zoo raws li mus nrhiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv nqi / ntim khoom.

Teeb Qhov saum toj no qhia tau hais tias lub dependence ntawm cov theem ntawm kev thov rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis nws muaj nqis ntsoov teev, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb rau kev thov. Hauv qab no yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev:

1. Fluctuation ntawm tus nqi rau cov khoom interesting.

2. Hloov nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm kev hloov cov khoom los yog Cheebtsam.

3. Cov kev yuav khoom hwj chim ntawm tau txais kev pab (cov nyiaj).

4. zam tiam sis.

5. Caij.

6. Predicted hloov nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam (piv txwv li, taug xaiv ntawm ntsoog, nce nqi, thiab lwm yam).

Yuav ua li cas koj yuav muaj qhov kev thov nkhaus nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob?

Lub nkhaus ntawm tag nrho cov kev ua lag luam thov yuav ceev mus rau sab xis nyob rau kab rov tav axis nyob rau hauv tej lub sijhawm:

• microscopic nqi ntawm kev hloov khoom;

• Cheebtsam ua cheaper;

• microscopic neeg cov nyiaj tau los;

• advertising lub tuam txhab ua loj;

• los lub caij ntawm active kev siv ntawm cov khoom;

• taug xaiv ntawm ib tug sawv nyob rau hauv nqe ntawm cov khoom.

Cov rov qab qhov teeb meem no yuav tshwm sim yog hais tias:

• hloov cov khoom ua cheaper;

• Cheebtsam ua kim kim;

• ntog nyiaj khwv tau los buyers;

• Cov khoom no yog tsis xam tias yog fashionable thiab niaj hnub.

Xwb, lub yam rau cov theem ntawm kev thov heev heev, thiab nws muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim xam siv qhov kev tsim nyog mis thiab lub sij hawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub ce ntawm tsom xam nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom to taub tias kev ua lag luam yog tsis sawv tseem thiab yog lossi evolving, ces siv qhov kev thov nkhaus, raws li zoo raws li kev coj cwj pwm kev tshawb fawb mus rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws puab.