Tej hub cov ntaub ntawv uas: zog, raug technology, daim ntawv thov

Tus thawj tais diav ntim chaws nyob ntev ua ntej cov neeg kawm yuav ua li cas smelt hlau. Ancient pots thiab rhawv zeb uas archaeologists tau pom hnub no, yog cov pov thawj ntawd. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tej hub khoom muaj cim thaj chaw uas ua rau nws nyob rau hauv ib co chaw tsuas irreplaceable. Cia peb qhia rau koj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ceramics, tham txog nws lawm thiab yam ntxwv.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Ceramic khoom tau los ntawm sintering mixtures ntawm av nplaum thiab organic additives. Tej zaum cov kev siv ntawm inorganic oxide tebchaw. Tus thawj ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob 5000 xyoo dhau los. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, ntau lawm technology tau zoo, thiab niaj hnub no peb muaj kev nkag tau rau high-zog tej hub khoom. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho rau facades, plag tsev, phab ntsa, thiab hais txog. D.

Muaj tais diav ntim chaws nrog ib tug tuab thiab ntxeem tau crocks. Qhov uas sib txawv ntawm ob yog tias kaw ntom nti ua crock yog waterproof. Qhov no iav, pem teb vuas, lwm yam ntxeem tau crock - .. ru tsev vuas, tej hub pob zeb, kua kav thiab tshaj.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim

Lo lus "ceramics" nyob rau hauv Greek txhais tau tias "av nplaum". Lawm, rau qhov siv thiab ua cov yam khoom nws siv ib hom ntawm sib tov. Nyob rau hauv nws ntxiv qhov tsim nyog ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog yuav tsum tau mus tau rau hauv qhov kawg. Thaum xub thawj txhais tes, thiab ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej, thiab nyob rau ib tug tshwj xeeb tshuab tais diav ntim chaws tau txuas mus rau ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv no. Tom qab tej hub khoom raug rho tawm haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib tug cub tawg nyob rau high school kub.

Muaj ntau lub teb chaws siv lawv tus kheej technology. Qhov no siv rau lub masses ntawm tais diav ntim chaws, painting thiab glazing. Cov thawj lub teb chaws uas tau tiav tseem ceeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev lag luam, nws yog suav tias yog tim lyiv teb chaws. Nws yog zus tau tej cov ceramics yog tsim los pab muaj nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Cov khoom raug ua los ntawm ntxhib thiab tsis zoo mixed av nkos, tab sis nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej paub technologies. Niaj hnub no bricks yog ua los ntawm daj av nplaum, uas allegedly tau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub pyramids ntawm Memphis.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm iav

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj siv ib cov khoom xws li jade. Nws yog zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj taus thiab yooj yim rau ko. Tom qab xyoo ntawm searching rau ib tug tov twb pom. Iav yog ntau yooj yim los tsim. Cuaj kaum, muaj ib co nuances. Piv txwv li, mica thiab tsvaoku, uas yog nyob rau hauv "Tuam Tshoj lub pob zeb", twb av mus rau ib tug hmoov zoo thiab khaws cia rau ntau tshaj li 10 xyoo. Qhov no twb ua rau xyuas kom meej tias cov ntaub ntawv uas tau ua qhov tseem malleable. Tus thawj iav khoom nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj twb siab thiab elongated hlab ntsha. Lawv muaj ib tug polished nto thiab xiav los yog tsaus ntsuab. Tsis ntev los no muaj nuj nqis feem ntau.

Niaj hnub no, nws yog ntseeg hais tias Tuam Tshoj yog ib lub teb chaws nyob qhov twg cov iav twb tau faib feem ntau lug. Qhov no yog muaj tseeb, txawm hais tias nws tau nrov nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, tab sis nws nyob ntawd tom qab, thiab nws cov tau tsim ntev.

Lub ntsiab yam ntawm ceramics

Tam sim no, cov khoom ntawm av nplaum muaj ib tug broad cais. Yog li ntawd, tais diav ntim chaws khoom uas yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob lub ntsiab pawg:

• unglazed ceramics (Terracotta thiab tais diav ntim chaws);
• glazed (majolica, faience, iav, fireclay).

Terracotta - Italian rau "ci ntiaj teb". Cov khoom no yog ua los ntawm cov dawb lias av nplaum thiab muaj ib tug ntxeem tau qauv. Terracotta ua vases, tais diav, raws li zoo raws li cov khoom ua si thiab cov vuas.

Tais diav ntim chaws ceramics yog yam nyuab dua rau cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua rau nws waterproof, polishing yog tsim nyog. Ces cov khoom yog raug Moraine. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws yog sab laug nyob rau hauv kub kiln pa luam yeeb txog rau thaum txias. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau yam ntawm ceramics, tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv particular, yog cov tsis tshua nrov. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tsev neeg rau cia ntawm cov mis nyuj, tej ntaub ntawv los yog raws li ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj.

Raws li rau lub thib ob hom - glazed ceramics, ntawm no lub feem ntau nrov Tuam Tshoj thiab earthenware. Cov yav tas los yog kim kim thiab lub sij hawm-siv los tsim, lub thib ob - cov tswv yim thiab pheej yig. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias iav khoom muaj tsawg av nplaum thiab tshwj xeeb ntau additives. Tsis tas li ntawd, iav yog illuminated los ntawm lub teeb, tsis zoo li iav.

rau refractories

Khoom yog mixtures ntawm av nplaum refractory. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj lawv yuav mas kub ntawm 1 300 mus rau 2000 degrees Celsius, thiab txawm ntau dua. Siv tshwj xeeb tej hub rauv. Refractory ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus uas siv nyob rau hauv lub metallurgical txheej txheem. Muaj lawv yog siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub moj tej tawg furnaces thiab aggregates.

Nws yog ib zajlus kom hais tias nrog ua kub ntawm lub refractory zog yuav tsis ploj, tab sis, theej nce. Qhov no yog tiav vim lub nyob rau hauv lub refractory oxides, silicates, thiab borides. Lawv yog siv txhua txhia qhov chaw, qhov twg muaj high-kub dab. Heev feem ntau lawv tshwm sim zoo li tus, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tej yam khoom, hais tias, ib cib. Tsawg feem ntau yuav tsum siv cov unshaped refractories raws li ib tug hmoov.

Tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho

Qhov zoo ntawm cov tej hub ntaub ntawv yog hais tias lawv cov stocks yog tsis yog tshwj xeeb xwb. Nrog rau qhov yooj yim ntawm ntau lawm thiab siab durability ntawm cov khoom, tam sim no nws yog indispensable nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Yog hais tias koj noj cov phab ntsa ntaub ntawv, nws occupies ib tug uas txoj hauj lwm no yog av nplaum cib.

Tib yam siv rau tej hub vuas, uas, txawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm polymers tsis tau poob hauv av. Nws tseem siv rau qhov chaw cov khoom uas muaj cov av noo thiab kub. Ntawm cov txojkev ntaub ntawv Qib thawj qhob thaiv.

Tshaj yav dhau los ob peb xyoos, ib tug 4% nce nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov yam ntxwv av nplaum vuas luaj thiab cib. Rau lawv raug uas yuav tsum tau tsawg heev kev hloov nyob rau hauv cib factories, nyob qhov twg cov nqi yog recouped nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev muag khoom. Sia mus thoob ntiajteb hollow ceramics tau ntev nyob rau hauv lub ua txoj hauj lwm thiab yog muag zoo npaum li cas tshaj li ib txwm cib.

Tshwj xeeb tej hub ntaub ntawv

Tej cov khoom xws li kab mob thiab kav dej phwj kav. Tus thawj yog muab faib ua peb pawg loj:

• ntawm ib qho nyuaj iav (ntxeem tau crock);
• tsis muaj kab mob iav (sintered crock);
• semiporcelain (semisintered crock).

Lub ntsiab uas yuav tsum tau rau ib tug kab mob khoom - ib tug tsis kam rau cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj, thaum tshav kub kub kuj. Lub formulation yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv nruj kev txiav txim, lub Tib yam siv rau tshuab. Nws yuav siv xwb kev kiln ceramics thiab zoo raw cov ntaub ntawv. Rau muaj kab mob tais yuav tsum muaj xws li dej, WC, bathtubs, dab, thiab lwm yam A txoj kev uas yuav tau soj ntsuam xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom - .. Ib lub teeb tapping nyob rau hauv nkoj. Lub suab yuav tsum huv si thiab tsis muaj rattling. Qhov no qhia cov firing ntawm txoj cai kub thiab lub tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm tej kab nrib pleb.

Raws li rau cov lim dej kav, lawv yuav tsum tau tuab caked crock. Tej hub hlab yog manufactured nrog ib lub cheeb ntawm 150-600 hli. Feem ntau glaze them ob sab hauv thiab sab nraum. Rau cov khoom yog yus muaj los ntawm siab kuj mus txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm thiab loj leeb hluav taws xob tam sim no. Muaj ib tug tus nqi tsim nyog, uas ua rau lawv ntau mus siv cuag.

Physicochemical thaj chaw ntawm ceramics

Raws li twb tau hais, tag nrho cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob sab pawg: tuab thiab ntxeem tau. Tuab muaj dej haum tus nqi ntawm tsawg tshaj li 5%, ntxeem tau - 5% los yog ntau tshaj. av nplaum cib (ntxeem tau thiab hollow), hollow masonry units, vuas, vuas rau lub ru tsev: Cov yav tas pab pawg neeg xws li nram qab no cov khoom. Tuab tej hub wares - txoj kev cib thiab pem teb vuas. Nyob rau hauv lub huv sector nws raws li ob qho tib si ntxeem tau thiab tuab tej hub.

Tham txog lub cev thiab tshuaj zog, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg cov tsis muaj ib tug tseem ceeb ceramics. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog brittleness thaum piv nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Cuaj kaum, siab txaus thiab versatility ua no cov ntaub ntawv uas ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nrov nyob rau hauv ntau industries, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Niaj hnub nimno technologies cia kom tau du nto tam sim ntawd tom qab firing. Yog hais tias koj xav mus cuag ib tug tej yam xim, ces ntxiv oxides ntawm hlau thiab cobalt.

microstructure nta

Thaum cua kub ceramics maj ua kua. Nws ntseg ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tej yam yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw. Thaum cua txias crystallization yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Nws yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub poob ntawm ntshiab muaju uas ua rau kom nyob rau hauv loj. Thaum lub loj hardens, tus qauv tsim mikrokonglomerat. Nws mullite grain cemented solidified loj. Koj yuav tsum them koj cov xim uas cov pa atoms tsim ib hom ntawm matrix. Nws muaj me ntsis hlau atoms, uas yog pawg nyob rau hauv lub interstices therebetween. Thiaj li, nyob rau hauv lub microstructure yog yeej los ntawm ionic thiab covalent bonds yog dog dig me me thiab. Tshuaj stability thiab stability tiav los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm muaj zog thiab check tshuaj tebchaw.

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, cov kev siv ntawm tej hub ntaub ntawv no xwb. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov muaju yog neeg txhaum. Lattices muaj ntau tsis xws luag: nuclear pore loj, kev nkhaus, etc. Tag nrho cov no heev deteriorates lub toughness ... Txawm li cas los, muaj nyob ntawm no thiab nws cov nuances. Piv txwv li, cov kev kawm technology thaum lub sij hawm fabrication ntawm ib tug hom ceramics yog heev tau mus cuag tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ua raws li cov kub thiab ntev ntawm firing khoom.

Cov yam ntxwv thiab thaj chaw ntawm av nplaum

Av nplaum - sedimentary pob zeb uas yog yus muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov khoom siv hnab ntaub ntawv thaum tov nrog dej. Tom qab firing - kamnevidnoe lub cev. Feem ntau, lub sib tov yog ntom, lom zem ntau li ntawm txhuas silicates. Feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv txais av ya thiab pob zeb xws li quartz, Feldspar, pyrites thiab hydroxides thiab carbonates ntawm calcium, magnesium thiab titanium tebchaw.

Kaolin - lub purest av nplaum, uas yog lub npe hu mus rau hnub tim. Nws muaj yuav luag nkaus ntawm kaolinite. Tom qab tua tau ib tug dawb xim. Tsim nyog rau cov zauv plasticity yog tiav los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm zoo nplej nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov av nplaum khoom (0.005 hli). Lawm, qhov ntau muaj li ntawm xws li ib tug khoom, lub plasticity ntawm cov saum no, thiab vice versa.

Lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm tej hub av nplaum yuav tsum muaj xws li:

• plasticity - deformation tsis breakage;
• connectivity;
• huab cua thiab hluav taws kub shrinkage;
• hluav taws kub kuj.

Niaj hnub no, ntau emaciated thiab txhawb additives uas hloov cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom nyob rau hauv yog kev taw qhia. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias tej hub khoom uas ua ntau nrov thiab puas siv tau.

Raug flowsheet

Characterization ntawm tej hub ntaub ntawv qhia tau ntawm cov kev siv ntawm av nplaum nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries. Qhov no coj mus rau lub fact tias muaj yog ib tug zoo thov, thiab thiaj li, nce kev. Nroj tsuag rau zus tau tej cov feem ntau ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib lub tswvyim:

• tshawb kawm;
• kev kawm;
• shaping thiab kom qhuav;
• ci thiab cov khoom tso tawm.

Yuav kom txo tau cov nqi yog feem ntau yog lub Hoobkas yog tab tom ua nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd cheeb tsam ntawm lub tso nyiaj ntawm av nplaum. Extraction los ntawm qhib txoj kev, uas yog tho. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog hnyav txoj kev kawm. Cov raw khoom enriched, crushed thiab tov kom txog thaum tus. Shaping lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub hub khoom yog nqa tawm los ntawm ntub thiab qhuav muaj dab. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj, qhov loj ntawm humidified rau 25%, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - tsis ntau tshaj li 12%.

Yav tas los feem ntau siv tej yam ntuj tso kom qhuav. Txawm li cas los, cov kev tshwm sim nyob ntawm seb lom zem ntau nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Thiaj li, nyob rau hauv lub nag los yog txias tsob nroj sawv. Yog li ntawd, tshwj xeeb dryers siv (gas). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj theem yog ci. Nws tseem ceeb heev mus soj ntsuam cov technology, uas yog heev nyuab. Ntau nyob ntawm lub hub txias. Tsis cia li kub nco uas yuav ua rau warping dav hlau. Tsuas yog ces koj yuav muag tej hub cov ntaub ntawv. ntau lawm technology, raws li koj tau pom, yog tsis yooj yim, muaj ob peb theem. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau hwm. Yog hais tias qhov no tsis tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv lub khw muag khoom txee, peb ua tau raws li kev sib yuav.

Ib me ntsis txog cov shortcomings ntawm tej hub

Raws li twb tau hais, nyob tus yeees ntawm tej hub khoom tsis yog zoo tagnrho. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau lub dag lub zog ntawm cov khoom ua los ntawm av nplaum. Tej cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj yuav manifest li chips, tej kab nrib pleb thiab thiaj li nyob. N. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb shortcoming. Tab sis muaj lwm yam uas tabkaum ntau nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ua ntej peb. Ib tug ntawm lawv - tus nqi. Piv txwv li, tej hub vuas rau lub ru tsev ntawm ib lub teb chaws lub tsev - zoo nkauj los ntawm ib tug zoo nkauj taw tes ntawm view cov tshuaj, tab sis tus nqi yog heev kim Library.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws cov tsos yuav nyob twj ywm tsis muaj ntau tshaj 5 xyoo nrog rau txoj kev kho mob. Ntxiv muaj yog fading, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntxhuab rau ntawm qhov chaw thiab m. N. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub brittleness thiab brittleness ua rau lub fact tias tej cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj yuav raug nyob rau hauv to ntawm lub-ru tsev, thiab nws twb heev ob peb cov neeg txaus siab rau. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov niaj hnub tej hub khoom zoo heev impressive, uas yog tiav los ntawm ib tug broad kev ntxhib los mos xim thiab zoo raug. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog nws tseem kim kim, nws feem ntau seb puas tsimnyog tau cov lus nug txog qhov kev tsimnyog ntawm qhov kev xaiv.

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug

Peb tau suav hais tias yog yooj yim thaj chaw ntawm tej hub cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li tag nrho cov saum toj no, ib tug yuav xaus hais tias xws li cov khoom muaj ib tug tej yam uniqueness. nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj, lawv yuav kav ntev heev lub sij hawm. Ntxiv mus, tej hub khoom siv rau lub casting ntawm molten hlau nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog tseem indispensable, vim hais tias tiv kub muaj peevxwm.

Raws li deb raws li lub neej txhua hnub, ntawm no ceramics nyob rau hauv heev ke. Cutlery thiab cov tais diav rau ua noj ua haus nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub, txawm hais tias nws tau hloov nws cov tsos ntau lub xyoo, tab sis yog tseem ua los ntawm cov khoom no. Iav, txawm nws muaj tus nqi siab, muaj ib tug sleek zoo thiab cia li pleasing mus rau lub qhov muag. Qhov no kuj siv rau iav, uas nrog rau txoj kev tua yog ib qhov nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv ntawm Tuam Tshoj.

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws yog tsim nyog los siv ib tug tej hub khoom. Qhov no yog feem ntau vim loj reserves ntawm tej yam ntuj tso av nplaum. Nws yeej yog ib tug ntau, thiab txhua txhua xyoo tsim ntau thiab ntau quarries ntawm no natural resource. Qhov thib ob qho tseem ceeb - cov ib puag ncig friendliness. Ua ntej, cov neeg tsis muaj tau siv tej yam teeb meem additives los txhim kho lub dag lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Niaj hnub no cov teeb meem no tau hloov lawm, tab sis yog tsis heev tseem ceeb heev. Tej hub pobzeb, tsis zoo li hluavtaws cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab nyob. Qhov no kuj siv rau cov tais diav uas ua los ntawm ceramics, uas, thaum piv nrog yas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias tus tom kawg yog rhuab, yog tsis muaj teeb meem rau tag nrho cov.