Elizabethan baroque architecture ntawm St Petersburg: piav qhia, nta thiab cov yam ntxwv

Elizabethan Baroque - lub architectural style uas sawv thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Empress Elizabeth. Lub heyday ntawm nws ntog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Kws kes duab vajtse, yav tas los tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub feem ntau cov tawm style, ua Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws Elizabethan Baroque feem ntau hu ua lub "Rastrelli".

thawj

Cov reign ntawm Peter lub Great ua ib tug ntau ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev cai lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Tus tshiab capital twb ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm cov vaj tse, gravitated mus rau lub European qauv ntawm architecture. Qhov no yog qhov era ntawm thiaj li hu ua Petrine baroque, inspired los ntawm tus German, Dutch thiab Swedish piv txwv ntawm architecture. Tus tshiab style yog yuav luag tag deb ntawm lub Byzantine kev lig kev cai, enjoyed esteem thiab tsis tu ncua cai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture rau centuries. Thiab lub Baroque nws hu ua heev zwj ceeb. Lub architecture ntawm lub sij hawm yuav luag tsis paub lush décor, muas thaum chiv thawj peculiar style.

Peter thiab Elizabethan Baroque, hloov nws, muaj ob peb tseem ceeb sib txawv. Xeem absorbed kab lig kev cai ntawm Moscow architecture ntawm lub caij XVII -. Thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, tau rov qab mus tus ntoo khaub lig-domed tswvyim ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev, dos thiab txiv moj coos zoo li tus hniav coatings.

idiosyncrasy

Board tus ntxhais yau ntawm Peter lub Great muaj cai kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev hwj chim txoj cai, lub strengthening ntawm lub teb chaws lub greatness. Qhov no sib yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau architecture. Elizabethan Baroque nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab txawv teb chaws tau ua lub epitome ntawm lub xeev hwj huam. Peb nco ntsoov ib co yam ntxwv ntawm tus nta ntawm no style:

• astounding ntau yam ntawm hniav ntsiab;

• ductility thiab dynamic architectural ntaub ntawv;

• contrasting xim ob peb ua ke nyob rau hauv cov sab nrauv;

• kev siv cov Pilasters thiab peb-peb lub hlis twg txhua;

• kev lom zem thiab ib tug nplua mais ntawm cov hniav kom paub meej nyob rau hauv lub interiors;

• ib tug rov qab mus rau ib co kev cai ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture.

Maestro style

Nws thawj creation yog tsim nyob rau hauv Courland Rastrelli rau duke Biron. Tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Anna Ivanovna, thiab thaum kawg Elizabeth. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 40-ies ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua Rastrelli xyuas Moscow, qhov uas nws muaj lub sij hawm kom tau ntsib nrog kuaj ntawm tsoos Lavxias teb sab architecture. Raws li critics taw tes, nws yog ib tug luv luv mus txawv tebchaws cuam tshuam rau ntxiv ua hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv, thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm cov niaj hnub Petersburg nws.

Tus thawj tsev, uas yuav ua tau los ntawm Rastrelli los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub Empress, thiab uas pib nrog nws lub koob meej, yog lub caij ntuj sov palace. Tu siab, lub tuam tsev no twb tsis fwm vim hais tias nws yog ntoo. Ces, nrog cov zaubmov ntawm kev koom tes, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ob peb lub tej yaam num:

• Cov neeg pej xeem Palace nyob rau hauv Peterhof (1747-1752);

• Andrew Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kiev (pleev xim rau sketch ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv 1747);

• rearrangement Tsarskoselskogo Catherine Palace (1752-1757).

Lub siab tshaj lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub nroog

Lub caij ntuj no Palace yog ib tug ntawm lub xeem tej hauj lwm ntawm Rastrelli. Lub tsev nyob qhov twg lub Hermitage yog nyob niaj hnub no, thiab niaj hnub no qha tau lub Elizabethan Baroque txhua leej txhua tus. Siv cov kev faib pib nyob rau hauv 1754. Nws cheeb tsam muaj nqi 60,000 square meters thiab muaj 1500 cov chav. Lub tsev yog lub siab tshaj plaws rau tag nrho cov pej xeem vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Qhov no muab kev kho mob ntawm lub empress muab ib tug decree txwv hlo tsis pub muaj ntau high-sawv vaj tse. Thiab vim tsis yog ib tug whim ntawm lub sovereign, thiab qhov tseeb hais tias Rastrelli xam qhov zoo tagnrho proportions ntawm lub tsev txheeb ze rau qhov nruab nrab dav ntawm lub Neva. Txawm li cas los, cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws tshawb pom yog tseem tsis paub thiab soj ntsuam pib kom meej meej qhia hais tias qhov no fact yog tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib tug tseeb. Txawm li cas los, txoj cai nruj me ntsis es.

unforgettable kev zoo nkauj

Ua kom tiav qhov kev siv ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace nyob rau hauv Catherine II thiab tsis muaj Rastrelli: Empress thawb nws, preferring Felten, Vallin de la Mothe, Rinaldi thiab Betsky. Lub tsev tau undergone ob peb reconstructions thiab hniav, tab sis hnub no koj yuav saib tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm los Rastrelli thiab cov tsim nyob rau hauv nws coj noj coj ua. Lush finish, yam ntxwv ntawm lub Baroque style xaiv, muab lub palace ib tug festive tsos. Lub tsev architecture muaj ib tug yus lub suab los ua ib tug kem, ces sib cais los ntawm ib tug txiav txim deb, ces sau nyob rau hauv bundles li, risalits (protruding qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov siab), tshaj cov ces kaum.

Lub facade txojkev Palace Square, Rastrelli nkag koov. Thaum nws creation kes duab lub vajtse twb tshwm sim thaum koj ua kho vaj tse Palace nyob rau hauv Strelna. Pheej tsev repainted. Chiv, lub ntsiab xim yog sov ochre, cais ntsiab (kev cai inlay) faib dawb txiv qaub. Niaj hnub no, lub palace phab ntsa muaj ib tug kab tho Hawj txawm. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm kom lawv ua thaum pib ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog.

Smolny Cathedral

Nws yog suav hais tias yog sab saum toj tswv yim Rastrelli Smolny Convent. Elizabethan baroque architecture ntawm lub tuam tsev no ci nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov splendor. Smolny Cathedral, lub hauv paus keeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntau, twb nrhiav tau lub kaum hli ntuj 30, 1748. Ncaj qha saib xyuas cov hauj lwm ntawm kws kes duab vajtse Christian Knobel, tab sis tus neeg sau ntawm lub tsev project yog Rastrelli.

Cathedral dai kom zoo nkauj plurality ntawm hniav ntsiab: dormer, arcuate (luchkovye) Gables, cov tubtxib saum ntuj thiab vases. Chiv kes duab lub vajtse twb mus tsim ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv European qauv - nrog ib tug dome. Elizabeth tsis pom zoo nrog xws li ib tug tov thiab hais rau lub tsib-domed yam ntxwv orthodox pawg sab laj. Txawm li cas los, nws yog ib lub tuam tsev belongs rau tsuas yog ib, qhov loj tshaj plaws dome. Nws nce rau hauv lub nruas muaj ib tug kaus mom hlau-zoo li tus thiab topped nrog bulbous lub taub hau. Tus lwm yam plaub ncaws - ib lub tswb ntauwd.

Cathedral visually muab faib ua ob qhov chaw. Ib tug muaj xws li cov qis ib feem ntawm lub facade, tag nrho nws lub tsos li ib tug palace. Qhov thib ob - mus rub li tsib ncaws - lighter thiab nws cov architecture coj mus rau hauv lub niaj zaus daim duab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Smolny Cathedral admired los ntawm ntau contemporaries Rastrelli. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau zoo nkauj vaj tse ntawm cov Elizabethan baroque architecture ntawm Saint Petersburg. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm Rastrelli Square nyob rau hauv lub central cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog.

creation Kvasova

Nyob rau hauv lub Catherine Palace nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo nrog Rastrelli ua hauj lwm thiab lwm yam architects ntawm lub Elizabethan baroque: Andrey Vasilevich Kvasov thiab Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky. Niaj hnub nimno critics paub txog thawj sau ntawm tus Cawm Seej rau lub Haymarket. Pawg ntseeg no twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1753. Mus txog rau tam sim no nws tau raug fwm xwb nyob rau hauv cov duab: nyob rau hauv 1938 nws tau kaw, thiab nyob rau hauv 1961 - tag li. Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum cuaj caug xyoo, lub authorship ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj vim muaj Rastrelli, tab sis niaj hnub kws tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo.

Rau cov kwv tij Razumovsky Kvass tau tsim palaces nyob rau hauv Kozelets, Gostilitsy thiab Znamenka (lub xeem authorship tseem muaj teeb meem). Nyob rau hauv 1748 nws cov kwv tij mus Ukraine, qhov twg nws ua hauj lwm rau tej yaam num nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian Baroque style.

Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky

Nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo project Chevakinsky tsa ob vaj tse ntawm cov Catherine Palace, Pavilion "Monbijou", uas hnub no tsis tau fwm, tsev neeg ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kws kes duab vajtse muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub pavilion "Hermitage".

Chevakinsky yog thawj tub rog hiav txwv kws kes duab vajtse. Nws saib xyuas qhov kev siv ntawm warehouses rau cov kob ntawm "Tshiab Holland" thiab tau tsim ib txoj kev npaj rau kev txhim tsa tus Kronstadt. Elizabethan Baroque ua Chevakinsky mas yuav kis tau tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv. Architects feem ntau siv kab teeb ntawm peb txhua rau dai lub ces kaum, wrought hlau balconies thiab nkhaus nrog ib tug floral qauv.

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm Chevakinsky - St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub St. Nicholas cheeb tsam ntawm St. Petersburg thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau zoo nkauj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Elizabethan baroque.

Cathedral ua tau los ntawm 1753 mus 1762 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tsev yog ib tug ntoo khaub lig. Lub ntsiab zoo nkauj keeb Nicholas Cathedral yog Corinthian txhua, stucco trim, ib tug entablement thiab forged tuav rau ntawm lub balconies. Tsev point upwards tsib gilded cupolas.

Elizabethan Baroque, uas nws nta yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm no tsis muaj lawm lub predominant style tom qab kev tuag ntawm Elizabeth. Qhov no architectural sib luag kis mus rau lub xeev txoj. Txawm li cas los, cov style reflected tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm St. Petersburg ntxias. Elizabethan Baroque yog embodied nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm architects nyob rau hauv Moscow, feem ntau D. V. Uhtomskogo thiab I. F. Michurina.