Donatello lub Equestrian pej thuam. Lub sculptors ntawm lub Renaissance. monument rau Gattamelata

Lub era ntawm lub Italian Renaissance nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects yog zoo li ib tug ua tsis taus pa ntawm huab cua ntshiab tom qab lub heaviness thiab tsaus ntuj ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub teb chaws, lub yav tas los txais rau tus Vaj Roman faj tim teb chaws, tag nrho txoj kev txaus cai no lawv txoj cai, muab lub ntiaj teb no ib tug zoo tus naj npawb ntawm ci ntsa iab ntxias. Lub Italian Renaissance yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm flourishing ntawm tag nrho cov kev kawm, los ntawm architecture suab paj nruag. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no nyob rau txoj cai yog ib tug duab puab. Ib tug tseem ceeb creator, rau ntau xyoo lawm, muab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm puab yog cov zoo Donatello. Tiam sis ua ntej tej yam uas ua ntej.

Waking tom qab ib tug ntev pw tsaug zog

Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, tus duab puab yog ib feem ntawm lub architecture thiab tsis xeeb raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib daim duab. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub Renaissance yog hloov: nws pib ua nyob rau hauv lub architectural lossis raws li complementary, tab sis nyias muaj nyias ib lub ntsiab. Ib qho ntawm thawj ntawm cov ntau ceg ntawm cov kos duab ntawm puab tig mus rau lub ntsej muag tiag tiag thiab lub neej zoo tib yam mortals, txav deb ntawm kev cai dab qhuas cov ntsiab lus. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus Christian ntxhais yog tus tsom xam ntawm qhov nyuab, tab sis nce lawv xa mus rau contemporaries.

Muaj tshiab yam tsim portrait, Equestrian saum muaj. Duab puab ua ib tug central ib feem ntawm lub architectural lossis, hloov lub ntsiab lus thiab muab accents - txav deb ntawm ib tug txhawb lub luag hauj lwm. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Nyob rau hauv tsob ntoo hloov nrog ib tug marble thiab bronze. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Ltalis nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau ua Terracotta saum (ua los ntawm ci av nplaum). Txij li thaum ua daim ntawv Lorenzo Ghiberti pib kis txheej txheem glazed Terracotta. Sai sai poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog tus masters thiab bronze, nrog nws cov impressive array ntawm zoo dua lwm yam ntaub ntawv.

Lub sculptors ntawm lub Renaissance

Twb muaj npe Lorenzo Ghiberti ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua thiab yog cov thawj ntxias uas tau muab rau realism. Lub hauv paus qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws ua si thoob plaws hauv lub neej (1378-1455) soj ntsuam txog cov teeb meem ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj monumental nyem. Ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo Ghiberti ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb qhov rooj ntawm lub Baptistery ntawm Florence. Lub nyem compositions, tsim los ntawm tus tswv los ntawm cov legacy ntawm lub Gothic style: lub angularity ntawm ntas thiab eco lawv mus rau lub atherosclerosis ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog hais txog precisely rau no kev lig kev cai. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, muaj nyob rau hauv lub lag luam thiab ib tug tshiab lub zeem muag ntawm qhov chaw, cov yam ntxwv twb Renaissance.

Xav zoo zoo yam nrog rau tag nrho quab yuam tig mus rau sab hnub tuaj baptistery ntug qhov rooj dua twg Ghiberti ua hauj lwm lwm nees nkaum xyoo. Xwm kawm xam qhovkev kev zoo nkauj thiab tshwj xeeb liveliness: ib daim duab xwm yeem mus rau toj roob hauv pes tag nrho ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov kab sau kom meej meej thiab distinguished elegance. Eastern Rooj vag ntawm lub Baptistery pom tau hais tias yuav muaj ib tug ntawm cov attractions ntawm Florence thiab yog ib hom ntawm lub cim ntawm cov kev kovyeej ntawm lub tshiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv cov duab puab tshaj lub legacy ntawm yav dhau los.

Lwm renowned sculptor ntawm lub Italian Renaissance yog Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Nws yog tus thawj xib fwb Velikogo Leonardo da Vinci, uas tsom nws cov thwj tim ntau hom kev kawm nyob rau hauv cov duab puab thiab painting. Txawm li cas los, Verrocchio paintings yuav luag tsis muaj sia nyob, tsis tau hais tias ntawm nws sculptures.

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo ntawm nws tej hauj lwm - tus pej thuam uas David, rau cov uas, raws li cov lus dab neeg, tus qauv yog ib tug ci ntsa iab me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm tus tswv. Qhov no assertion, txawm li cas los, yog ib co doubtful. Undoubtedly lwm - David Verrokko kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias qhov twg lub da Vinci coj ntau yam uas lawv nyiam hom kev kawm: lush tubtxib saum ntuj curls, ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cev hwj tau lub cev thiab tus naas ej ib nrab-luag.

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm Verrocchio yog tus Equestrian pej thuam ntawm condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Tus pej thuam reflected ntau influences ntawm Renaissance kos duab: lub siab xav mus qhia rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev paub, tej yam uas cov cev ntawm cov duab puab, cov muaj siab rau kev cwj pwm txawv thiab zog rau hauv lub khov daim duab.

Primus inter pares

Lub sculptors ntawm lub Renaissance nrog nws nrhiav rau ib tug tshiab style thiab txaus siab mus rau lub luag tsis nco qab lawm antiquity tseem yuav tau saib zoo li ib tug tsis tiav daim duab, tsis txhob yuav nyob rau hauv lawv Donatello. Qhov zoo wizard, koj yuav undoubtedly yuav hu ua ib tug tho kev, thiaj li muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm kev nrhav nyob rau hauv cov duab puab vim hais tias ntawm nws. Yog tsis muaj nws, ib tug great deal yuav tsum deprived ntawm cov Renaissance: Donatello pom cov tshuaj rau ib tug ruaj khov formulation ntawm qhov teeb meem cov nuj nqis, kawm kom dhau lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, qhov hnyav, thiab lub cev kev ncaj ncees, cov thawj txij thaum lub ancient masters tsim ib tug liab qab pej thuam thiab pib tsim sculptural portraits. Nws twb paub li tus creator thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej, thiab pab cov kev loj hlob ntawm cov kos duab ntawm ib tug era.

pib ntawm txoj kev

Donatello, uas nws biography tsis muaj lub caij nyoog hnub yug (txawm nyob rau hauv 1386), tuaj los ntawm ib tsev neeg tus kws txawj txua wool carder. Nws yug los txawm nyob rau hauv Florence los yog nws tuaj txog pem ntwg. Tag nrho cov npe Donatello - Donato Di Niccolo di Betti Bardi.

Lub neej yav tom ntej nto moo Italian sculptor twb kawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntawm Ghiberti ntawm ib lub sij hawm thaum nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub sab qaum teb rooj vag ntawm lub Baptistery. Tej zaum nws yog no Donatello tau ntsib nrog tus kws kes duab vajtse Brunelleschi, nrog leej twg kev phooj ywg tau muab khaws cia tseg thoob plaws lub neej.

Lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse tau coj mus rau lub fact tias twb nyob rau hauv 1406 cov hluas Donatello yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub txim. Nws twb qhia mus ua ib tug pej thuam ntawm tus yaj saub rau lub portal ntawm Florence tsev teev ntuj.

marble David

Donatello, uas nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm nws ua hauj lwm reflected rau hauv lub ci cwm pwm ntawm tus neeg sau, sai tom qab qhov kev txiav txim tau ua tshiab. Nyob rau hauv 1407-1408 xyoo nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub marble pej thuam ntawm David. Cov duab puab yog tsis yog li ntawd zoo meej raws li lub tom qab duab ntawm lub biblical hero, los ntawm tus tswv, tab sis nws qhia cov dee thiab quest creator. David yog tsis xwm nyob rau hauv lub classical daim ntawv mellow huab tais lyre los yog ib tug scroll. Tab sis raws li tus tub hluas uas nyuam qhuav yeej Kaulia, thiab zoo siab rau nws feat. Tus pej thuam txiav ntaqwm cov duab ntawm ancient heroes: David rests ib txhais tes nyob rau hip, nws ob txhais taw so tus nrog sib ntaus lub taub hau, lub cev qhwv mos folds khaub ncaws. Txawm tias marble pej thuam tseem muaj echoes ntawm Gothic, nws belongs rau lub Renaissance yog undeniable.

Los yog San Michele

Donatello nrhiav los tsim lawv tus kheej ua hauj lwm noj mus rau hauv tus account tsis tsuas cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm proportions thiab zuag qhia tag nrho kev tsim kho ntawm lub cev, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob qhov twg cov pej thuam yuav muab tso rau. Nws tsim yaam tshab yog cov feem ntau ib qho kev zoo ntsia raws nraim qhov twg lawv twb muab tso rau tom qab kawm tiav. Nws tsim lub tswv yim hais tias lawv yeej ib txwm muaj thiab yog. Nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm los ntawm Donatello nrog cov kev txhim kho txuj ci nce txav deb ntawm cov canons ntawm Gothic thiab medieval depersonalization. dluab tsim los ntawm lawv tau kaj ib tug neeg nta, expressiveness yog feem ntau tiav los ntawm cov lus nta.

Tag nrho cov nuances ntawm tus tswv lub zoo tshwm nyob rau hauv cov dluab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, uas nws tsim rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Los San Michele. Cov saum twb ntsia tau rau hauv niches, tab sis mag tiav lawm autonomous sculptures haum sib haum xeeb rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tsis yog nyob ntawm seb nws. Tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov nuj nqis ntawm St. Mark (1411-1412) thiab St. George (1417). Nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm cov thawj Donatello tswj piav tireless ua hauj lwm thiab tsausmuag xav nyob rau hauv cover ntawm tag nrho cov sab nraud tranquility. Thaum koj tsim tau ib tug pej thuam ntawm tus tswv tig mus rau tus ancient txoj kev ruaj khov chaw daim duab. Bends lub npog tas ib ce thiab tej caj npab, raws li zoo raws li qhov chaw ntawm lub folds ntawm cov khaub ncaws - txhua yam yog subordinated mus no txais tos.

St. George xwm raws li ib tug hluas hauv armor, raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug billboard, ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig, txiav txim rau lub ntsej muag. Qhov no embodiment yog zoo tagnrho cim, uas yog Attendance tuned mus rau hauv ob qho tib si ntu thiab feem ntau Donatello.

Bronze David

Tag nrho cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo hais tias ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj tsim yaam tshab ntawm Donatello tus David yog, sculpture, muab pov rau hauv bronze (txawm 1430-1440-ies). Vasari, thawj daim duab historian, sau hais tias nws tau txiav txim los ntawm Kozimo Medichi, tab sis lwm cov ntaub ntawv lees tias no qhov tseeb, tsis muaj.

David - kev cai duab puab. Ntxiv cov embodiment ntawm nws lub tswv yim, muab rov qab rau hauv lub marble David, Donatello depicts ib tug hluas biblical hero nrog lub taub hau cia li tua yeej Kaulia ntawm nws ko taw. Cov kev zoo sib thooj, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv no thiab xaus. Bronze David tsis tau tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais, nws yog tub ntxhais hluas. Donatello portrayed nws liab qab, ua tib zoo xav txog tag nrho cov twists ntawm ib tug muaj zog, tab sis tsis tau tag nrho tsim tus me nyuam tub lub cev. Khaub ncaws tswv yug yaj xwb cap nrog ib tug laurel wreath thiab khau khiab nrog greaves. Yuav kom muab tso ib daim duab ntawm tus tswv siv contrapposto txais tos. Tag nrho luj ntawm lub cev txav mus rau sab xis txhais ceg, sab laug yog David tramples cov yeeb ncuab taub hau. Yog li txais tos yog tiav xav so hwj tau lub cev, so tom qab contraction. Lub sab hauv puab Kos duab, ib qho yooj yim mus nyeem ua tsaug rau qhov hloov tus nqi ntawm lub cev los ntawm lub hauv paus axis ntawm cov duab puab thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub ntaj.

Bronze David tsim raws li ib tug pej thuam, uas yuav suav hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sab. Nws yog tus thawj liab qab pej thuam txij ancient sij hawm. Lub legacy ntawm lub masters ntawm ancient Greece thiab Rome ancient yog muaj thoob plaws hauv lub daim duab ntawm tus hero. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nta xam qhovkev duab puab, sau nrog ib tug muaj zog cwm pwm thiab yog li Embodiment Renaissance ideals.

Inspired los ntawm cov Nyob Mus Ib Txhis nroog

Zoo tag nrho nws txawj txawj ua li thaum lub sij hawm ib qho chaw twg mus rau tim Loos. Los ntawm lub nroog uas tuas cov legacy ntawm ib tug zoo kawg faj tim teb chaws, Donatello coj ib tug sib sib zog nqus tau taub ntawm cov ancient canons thiab stylistic pab kiag li lawm. Tau rethinking ntawm ancient Greek thiab Roman kos duab Donatello siv nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub Department ntawm lub Council of Florence, uas tau ua hauj lwm los ntawm 1433 1439. Tej zaum nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Nyob Mus Ib Txhis City ib tug tshiab lub tswv yim mus xyuas Donatello: lub Equestrian pej thuam ntawm condottiere Erasmo ntawm Narni, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm ntau yam kev soj ntsuam, tau xeeb tom qab ib tug lub rooj sib tham nrog tus ancient monument ntawm Marcus Aurelius.

hero

Erasmo ntawm Narni yog ib tug Venetian condottiere, ib tug ntiav tus tauj ncov loj. Nws txoj hmoo yog tsis heev heroic zajlus twists, tsis tau tshwm sim los ntawm Donatello. Gattamelata (uas txhais tau tias "honeyed miv") - lub npe menyuam yaus uas tau txais ib tug tub rog ntawm hmoov zoo rau qhov xwm ntawm tus softness thiab cov simultaneous kho mob thiab insinuating, reminiscent ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug miv ntawm lub prowl. Nws pib nws cov hauj lwm los ntawm heev qab thiab honestly pab Florence, Kuv tswj tau mus cuag ib tug ntau. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, Gattamelata tau txais kev pab raws li commander ntawm lub Army ntawm lub Venetian koom pheej. Tom qab nws tuag, tub rog ntawm hmoov zoo yuav faus nyob rau hauv lub Basilica del Santo nyob rau hauv Padua. Gattamelata tuag nyob rau hauv 1443.

Triumph Donatello: lub Equestrian pej thuam ntawm Erasmo ntawm Narni

Venetian koom pheej, mindful ntawm txoj hauj lwm zoo ntawm ib tug tub rog commander, tso cai nws tus poj ntsuam thiab tus tub nyob rau ntawm nws tus kheej nyiaj them rau nruab condottiere monument. Lub epitome ntawm lub tswv yim no thiab pib Donatello. Equestrian pej thuam tsim lawv rau kaum xyoo, los ntawm 1443 mus 1453 xyoo.

Lub peb-meter pej thuam ntawm tus tswv txoj kev npaj tau teem rau ntawm yim-meter pedestal. Lub qhov ntev ntawm lub sculptures yog cov tshwm sim ntawm ib lub tswv yim los ntawm Donatello: lub Equestrian pej thuam yog yuav tsum tau muab tso rau tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug lossis loj lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tsuas yog nws tus kheej impressiveness yuav zoo li ib thiab ywj siab ua hauj lwm. Lub monument twb muab tso nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas muab lub tswv yim hais tias nws yoojyim rau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab maj mam tshem tawm tam sim ntawd.

Lub pedestal yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov dluab ntawm qhov rooj, ncaim ntawm sab hnub tuaj sab mus rau sab hnub poob thiab muab tub. Qhov no ua cim muaj ib tug meej txhais: nyob rau hauv lub realm ntawm cov neeg tuag yuav nkag mus rau, tiam sis yuav tsis tau tawm ntawm nws. Lub qhov rooj yog reminiscent ntawm cov thawj lub hom phiaj ntawm lub monument, txig tua los ntawm Donatello. Gattamelata rau nees yuav tsum tau nce mus rau tojntxas ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub monument yog tus thawj cenotaph ntxa - thiab no Donatello tsom nws propensity rau innovation.

muaj hnub nyoog txiv neej

Condottiere qhia Donatello - kaj siab lug thiab tag nrho ntawm lub zog, tab sis ib tug txiv neej laus laus. Nyob rau hauv nws sab laug tes wand txoj cai nws tuas lub reins. Nws embodies cov duab ntawm lub hero ntawm lub Renaissance: tsis boiling mob siab rau, tab sis reinterpreted lub neej - ib tug tub rog-philosopher, tej zaum absorbed thiab sijhawm ntawm Donatello. Pej thuam condottiero Gattamelata nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog ib qho piv txwv zoo heev ntawm ib tug portrait sculptor kev txawj. Nws lub ntsej muag yuav tsis tau meej pem nrog lwm tus: ib tug hooked qhov ntswg, ib tug ntshiab kab ntawm lub qhov ncauj, me me lub puab tsaig thiab cheekbones sawv tawm.

Robe commander - pov thawj ntawm lub siab xav mus muab nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ancient hero. Gattamelata hnav khaub ncaws tsis nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Donatello khaub ncaws thiab tej cuab yeej Roman lub sij hawm. Tej zaum, nws yog chasing qhov chaw vestments coj los ntawm tus tswv ntev lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim ib monument rau Donatello sawv ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem: nws yog tsim nyog los tsim ib tug harmonious txoj kev hloov los ntawm lub xam ntawm tus nees condottiere, accents mus tsim lub yam tswv yim. No thiab lwm yam teeb meem coj lub sij hawm. Cov tshwm sim ntawm xws li ib tug txawj xav thiab lag luam nruam tau ntsib tag nrho cov nqi.

Donatello qhuas nws ua hauj lwm, coj nws thiab nws lub contemporaries. Qhov no yog muaj tim khawv los kos npe ntawm tus tswv, nws tsis yog sab laug nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws tej hauj lwm. Monument condottiere Gattamelata tshwm sim ntau sculptors thiab tom ntej sij hawm (xws li Andrea del Verrocchio twb hais saum toj no).

Judith

Lwm tus qauv zoo li ntawm kev txawj los ntawm Donatello yog tus pej thuam "Judith thiab Holofernes", tsim nyob rau hauv 1455-1457 xyoo. Artwork illustrates Qub Testament zaj dab neeg txog tus poj ntsuam los ntawm Bethulia, bravely tua cov Axilia general Holofernes cawm tau nws lub zos los ntawm conquest. Txhais poj niam nrog ib tug tu ntsia thiab ib lub ntsej muag tag nrho ntawm kev tu siab, tuas nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes ib tug rab ntaj nyob siab, npaj txhij mus txiav tawm lub taub hau leaning limply nyob rau ntawm nws ob txhais taw qaug cawv Holofernes.

"Judith thiab Holofernes" - ib tug variant ntawm qhov nrov nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance sawv ntawm cov poj niam heroism. Donatello muab tso rau hauv no ua hauj lwm tag nrho nws cov kev txawj ntse thiab muaj peev xwm kis tau raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm txoj kev xav, Judith, thiab lub cim ntawm cov duab raws li ib tug tag nrho. Qhov tseem paub qhia tej lo ib feem ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg - lub ntsej muag ntawm tus poj ntsuam. Nws ua hauj lwm tawm zoo li ntawd uas nkawd ciaj sia. Thaum ntsia Judith, tsim los ntawm Donatello, heev yooj yim to taub dab tsi tus cwj pwm txawv uas nws muaj. Hloov maj mam kev txawj legends fim qhia nta cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus tswv, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tau ua ntawv thov Donatello yog nyob rau hauv no cov duab puab.

Donatello tuag zoo nyob rau hauv 1466. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub neej ntawm lub motives ntawm cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog, kev tuag thiab kev txom nyem kom meej meej yeej nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, muaj Mariya Magdalina los ntawm Donatello - tsis bursting nrog kev zoo nkauj thiab tag nrho ntawm lub zog hluas nkauj, tab sis sab sab los ntawm kev yoo mov thiab xav tias tus luj ntawm lub xyoo ntawm lub neej cov laus poj niam. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv no, thiab nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej lawm tej hauj lwm ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub ci ntsa iab sculptor yog tseem ciaj sia thiab tseem yuav txhawb thiab muaj siab.