Danish lus, cov tsiaj ntawv thiab hais

Danish tau yeej ib txwm tau txuam nrog tus poj conquests ntawm lub Vikings. Great kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub teb chaws - nws yog ib lub unspoken lub npe nws Dais. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm dialects, raws li zoo raws li lub sib xws ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv ib tes, ua rau nws yooj yim mus kawm, rau lwm cov tes, attracts ntau thiab ntau txaus siab hlo kawm Danish. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nws tej zaum suab monotonous thiab qeeb, lub Danes yeej txaus siab ntawm nws thiab xav txog nws heev mos mos thiab sensual.

provenance

Danish lus twb hais txog cov Germanic lus thiab yog tus nom nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj. Nws pib tsim nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, nws combines cov ntau Scandinavian yam lus, thiab tuaj nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tsawg German dialects. Pib los ntawm lub XVII xyoo pua pib los nqus cov lus ntawm Fabkis lus, thiab ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej los ntawm cov lus Askiv. Nyob rau hauv lub Danish nplua nuj yav tag los. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov me nyuam yug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub III txhiab BC, sib tham txog qhov no ancient runes, pom tom qab nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Danish belongs rau lub qub Norse lus. Nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum lub Viking resettlement pib, nws twb muab faib ua ob qhov chaw: East Scandinavian thiab West Scandinavian. Los ntawm cov thawj pab pawg neeg tom qab tsim lub Danish thiab Swedish, thiab lub thib ob - tus Icelandic thiab Norwegian.

Hauv plawv ntawm lub Danish sau lus yog Latin, cov lus uas tau absorbed ib co ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Ua ntej nws siv runes, uas yog cov thawj sau monuments ntawm lub teb chaws. Lo lus "rune" yog txhais los ntawm lub qub Norse lub ntsiab lus "daim card kev paub." Danes xav hais tias cov kev hloov ntawm cov lus qhia los ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas zoo sib xws rau tej yam yees siv rite. Pov thawj tau magicians yuav luag sai li sai tau raws li lawv paub yuav ua li cas siv lawv. Lawv siv cov runes Fortune qhia thiab kev ua tau zoo rituals. Qhov no yog ua tau vim hais tias txhua rune tau nws tus kheej lub npe, thiab nws tau muab tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb. Txawm tias linguists muaj ib tug txawv lub tswv yim. Lawv hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no tau borrowed los ntawm Sanskrit.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm muab faib rau

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm faib no yog lub Danish Canada, Denmark, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Sweden, lub Faroe Islands thiab Greenland. Nws yog leej niam tus nplaig rau ntau tshaj 5 lab tus tib neeg thiab yog tus thib ob feem ntau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Scandinavian dialects pab pawg neeg. Kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab-40s yog lub official nyob rau hauv Norway thiab Iceland. Tam sim no nws yog kawm Icelandic schoolchildren li lub thib ob losis tswvyim dabtsi. Ib tug neeg twg uas paub txog tej European lus, nws yuav muaj ntau yam yooj yim dua rau kawm Danish vim hais tias ntawm lub tej yam loj loj uas German dialects.

Rau hnub tim, tshaj Danish raug teeb meem. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov Scandinavian lus yog heev nrov thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais rau lawv, cov lus Askiv yuav ua rau loj hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Raws li hais Denmark, qhov tseeb yog hais tias muaj ntau phau ntawv sau ntawm no nws yog nyob rau hauv lus Askiv. Khoom advertised kuj nyob rau hauv cov lus no. Cov tshooj lus nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv xav kom ua li nws, thiab sau ib scientific thesis, ib yam nkaus thiab. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Denmark, sawv daws rau lub Danish lus, cov mej zeej yuav sounding lub tswb. Yog hais tias tsis coj tej kev txiav txim, ces tom qab ob peb xyoo lawm lub Danish tsuas ploj.

General cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus

Scandinavian lus pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish thiab Danish. Xeem ntau tshaj lwm leej lwm tus nws yuav hloov tau. Nws yog vim rau qhov cov phenomenon Danish yooj yim to taub thiab kawm ntawv. Norwegians, Swedes thiab Danes yog heev yooj yim to taub txhua lwm yam vim hais tias ntawm cov kev Proto. Muaj ntau lo lus nyob rau hauv tus hais lus ntawm cov neeg no yog li cas, thiab ntau yam ntawm lawv yog pheej rov qab ua tsis tau hloov lub ntsiab lus. Los ntawm simplifying nws cov qauv Danish morphology los ua zoo ib yam li cov qauv ntawm cov lus Askiv.

dialects

Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo 1000 nyob rau hauv no lub suab hais lus muaj ib co hloov los ntawm lub txais cai ntawm lub sij hawm, thiab nws raug muab faib ua peb ceg: skoysky, Zealander thiab Jutland. Danish lus - mnogodialektny lus. Danish combines ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Islands tuaj (Zealander, fyunsky), Jutland (sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj, sab qab teb-sab hnub poob) dialects. Txawm tias ib tug nplua nuj keeb kwm, cov zajlus lus twb tsim no nkaus xwb los ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv Zeelandic. Dialects hais neeg, feem ntau nyob rau hauv ntug zos cov cheeb tsam. Tag nrho dialects txawv ob leeg tau siv cov lo lus thiab grammatical. Muaj ntau ntawm cov lus hais nyob rau hauv dialects tsis paub hais tias mus rau cov neeg ntev accustomed mus rau lub txwm txawj cai.

tsiaj ntawv

Danish cov tsiaj ntawv muaj 29 tsiaj ntawv, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv tsis pom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, yog li lawv hais yuav tsum tau ib co kev cob qhia.

hais

Danes hu nws "lub feem ntau melodic lus." Danish yog lub npe hu rau nws cov tawv suab ntawm cov loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov mos mos niam no cov lus hais tej zaum nyuaj heev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov lus tsis yog txoj kev uas lawv sau. Qhov txawv ntawm niam tsis tau hnov txhua tus. Lawv yuav ua tau ntev, luv luv, qhib thiab kaw. "Thawb" - ib tug tseem ceeb heev feature uas characterizes cov lus. Danish tej zaum yuav tsis zoo li cov zajlus kom vim hais tias ntawm no phenomenon. Lub fact tias yog tsis muaj impetus nyob rau hauv feem ntau hom lus. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm luv luv-lived kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua khiav thaum pronouncing lo lus. Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv, nws tsis tau hais tseg. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab no phenomenon yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub hais lo lus "non-A". Danes lawv tus kheej yeej tsis siv nws kom raug, thiab nws ua rau lub Danish lus yog txawm ntau ruam tag.

qauv sau ntawv

Tsis yog txhua txhua lub teb chaws yuav khav hais tias nws muaj ib tug nplua nuj keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm ib co niaj hnub lus tshuav nws cov cim zoo Scandinavian lus. Danish lus nyob rau hauv tib lub qauv ntawm cov muaj cov khoom. Muaj ntau npe yuav xa ncaj qha mus rau lub ob genera, thiab lawv cov qauv yog kiag li hloov tsis tau. Adjectives pom zoo nrog npe rau hauv xov tooj thiab yog txivneej los pojniam. Thov yog feem ntau ob-piece. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv ib tug kab lus yuav ua tau tag nrho ob qho tib neeg thiab rov qab. Direct kev txiav txim ntawm cov lus siv nyob rau hauv declarative ua ke, interrogative, qhov twg rau lo lus nug lo lus zoo nkaus li yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Rov qab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov lus muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv declarative ua ke, thiab nyob rau hauv interrogative thiab tseem ceeb heev.

morphology

Danish npe muaj tub los ntxhais, xov tooj thiab cov ntaub ntawv, hauv tsab xov xwm. Xeem qhia tus naj npawb thiab yog txivneej los pojniam ntawm lub noun. Nws muaj lub zoo tshaj thiab ntau tshaj, thiab zoo muaj peev xwm yuav muab qhia, thiab qhov nruab nrab. Lub chaw yuav ua tau tej yam thiab muaj xwm txheej. Yog hais tias lub chaw vague, nws pom zoo nrog qhov tus nyob rau hauv xov tooj thiab yog txivneej los pojniam. Cov qhia txog kev ua muaj lub sij hawm thiab inclination tso. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm 8 Danish lub sij hawm no, 2 uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub neej yav tom ntej, 2 - rau yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, tam sim no, tam sim no ua kom tiav, yav tas los thiab pluperfect.

Nyob rau hauv lub derivation ntawm npe muab kev koom tes kawg thiab hloov lub hauv paus cim. Compounding yog lub feem ntau cov qauv ntawm cov derivation. Tseem nws yuav tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lus mus rau lub sab saum toj, tshem lus los yog hloov dua siab tshiab. Lub Danish yooj yim tsim lub ntsiab tshiab.