TsimZaj dabneeg

Cov Hungarian uprising ntawm xyoo 1965: ua, tau

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1956, ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim hais tias tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub communist regime npe hu ua li lub Hungarian uprising, tab sis Soviet qhov chaw hu ua counter-revolutionary ntxeev siab. Tab sis, tsis muaj teeb meem yuav ua li cas lawv tuab tej ideologues, nws yog ib tug los ntawm qhov Hungarian neeg ua ntaj riam thaiv mus overthrow pro-Soviet tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm ntawm tus mob khaub thuas ua tsov ua rog, uas pom tias lub USSR yog npaj los siv cov tub rog quab yuam kom muaj nws cov kev tswj tshaj lub teb chaws ntawm lub Warsaw Pact.

Lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub communist regime

Yuav kom to taub cov ua ntawm lub uprising uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1956, yuav tsum ua kom pom tseeb rau hauv lub domestic kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag qhov teeb meem ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv 1956. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog, Hungary tiv thaiv nyob rau sab ntawm lub Nazis, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv raws li cov khoom ntawm lub Paris kev sib haum xeeb Treaty, kos npe los ntawm tus phoojywg, tus Soviet Union muaj cai kom nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws nws cov tub rog mus txog rau thaum tus ntsoos ntsoos ntawm phooj ywg txoj hauj lwm rog ntawm Austria.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab tsov rog, cov kev xaiv tsa tau muaj nyob rau hauv Hungary, qhov twg lub Independent Smallholders tog nrog ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntau ntawm cov votes yeej lub communist vac - Hungarian ua hauj lwm neeg Party. Raws li nws tau lub npe hu tom qab, qhov ratio yog 57% tiv tiag 17%. Txawm li cas los, cia siab rau tus pab txhawb nqa yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws contingent ntawm lub Soviet armed rog nyob rau hauv 1947 vac los ntawm kev dag, hem thiab dag ntxias kom tau seized hwj chim los ntawm muab txoj cai yuav tsum tau cov kev cai lij choj xwb nom tswv tog.

Stalin tus menyuam kawm ntawv

Hungarian Communist sim ua raws thoob plaws nws lub Soviet tog neeg, yog vim li cas lawv cov thawj coj Matyas Rakosi twb ncha nicknamed Stalin tus zoo tshaj plaws menyuam kawm ntawv. Qhov no "Honor" nws tau txais koob hmoov los ntawm lub fact tias, nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws qhov chaw kawm ib tus kheej dictatorship, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sim luam cov Stalinist qauv ntawm kev coj. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm blatant tyranny los ntawm kev quab yuam nqa tawm Industrialization thiab collectivization, thiab nyob rau hauv ideology kev khuv leej suppressed tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov dissent. Lub teb chaws tau muab qhov kev sib ntaus nrog lub Koom Txoos Catholic.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Rakosi tsim ib tug haib kev ruaj ntseg apparatus - lub AVH, muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov ibyam 28 txhiab neeg ua hauj lwm uas tau pab 40 txhiab informants ... Tag nrho cov tog Hungarian cov pej xeem nyob hauv cov kev tswj ntawm cov kev pab cuam. Raws li nws tau lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub post-communist lub sij hawm, cov ntaub ntawv tau qhib ib lab cov neeg uas nyob lub teb chaws, uas 655 txhiab. Twb ua phem, thiab 450 txhiab. Muab ntau yam tsev rau txim cov ntsiab lus uas. Lawv tau siv raws li free hauj lwm hauv lub mines thiab cov mines.

Nyob rau hauv lub economic kheej, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv nom ua tswv, muaj ib tug heev yooj yim teeb meem no. Nws yog tshwm sim los rau hauv lub fact tias raws li ib tug tub rog pab pawg phooj ywg ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, Hungary yuav tsum tau them cov Soviet Union, Yugoslavia thiab Czechoslovakia ntau yam pauv loj kho, kev them nyiaj ntawm uas yuav luag ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub teb chaws cov nyiaj khwv tau mus. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog ib tug tsis tshua tej yam tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov nyob cov qauv ntawm zoo tib yam cov pej xeem.

Luv luv nom tswv thaw

Tej yam kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws tuaj nyob rau hauv 1953, thaum twg, vim hais tias cov cuab ua hauj lwm ntawm Industrialization thiab weakening ntawm ideological siab los ntawm lub Soviet Union, tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm Stalin, cov neeg ntxub Matyas Rakosi twb tso los ntawm tus ncej ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tsoom fwv. Nws twb hloov los ntawm lwm Communist - Imre Nagy, ib tug supporter ntawm tam sim ntawd thiab radical kho nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev ntsuas uas tsim los ntawm nws tau haujlwm thiab zam kev nom kev tswv kev tsim txom ntawm yav tas los tus neeg raug mob. Tshwj xeeb cai Nagy muab xaus rau lub internment ntawm cov pej xeem thiab lawv cov yuam laij koj tawm los ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv kev thaj av. Tsis tas li ntawd, siv ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm unprofitable loj industrial cov chaw, thiab allotted mus rau lawv cov txhais tau tias mus ncaj rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov zaub mov thiab lub teeb kev lag luam twb txiav. Tshaj ntawd, cov nom tswv tau tsis muaj zog txaus lub siab rau ua liaj ua teb, txo tariffs rau cov pej xeem thiab txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom.

Lub resumption ntawm cov Stalinist kawm thiab pib ntawm lub unrest

Txawm li cas los, txawm lub fact tias xws li kev ntsuas tau ua tus tshiab lub taub hau ntawm lub tsoom fwv yog heev nrov ntawm cov neeg, lawv kuj ib tug ua rau aggravation ntawm puab tog tawm tsam nyob rau hauv vac. Lawb tawm mus los ntawm tus ncej ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tsoom fwv, tab sis kom muaj nws uas txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tog, Matyas Rakosi los ntawm daim card intrigues, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub Soviet Communist tswj los mus kov yeej nws nom tswv tus nrog sib ntaus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm Imre Nagy, uas tau pinned lawv cia siab rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm thiab tso tawm los ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv.

Lub txim ntawm no twb nqa tawm los ntawm lub Hungarian Communist resuming coj noj coj ua ntawm lub Stalinist kab xeev thiab lub continuation ntawm nom tswv tsuj. Tag nrho cov no tau tshwm sim los huab discontent dav khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov neeg pib tab neeg rau demand rov qab los rau lub hwj chim ntawm Nadia, kev xaiv tsa, raws li nyob rau hauv lwm txoj hauv paus thiab, crucially, tso zis rau ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Soviet pab tub rog. Qhov no kawg yuav tsum tau yog yam tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb, txij thaum lub kos npe nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1955, lub Warsaw Pact yog lub hauv paus rau lub Soviet Union kom muaj nws contingent ntawm pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Hungary teb.

Cov Hungarian uprising yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub aggravation ntawm cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv 1956. Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm yog ua si los ntawm cov txheej xwm ntawm xyoo nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, qhov twg muaj qhib anti-communist has lug hab. Cov tshwm sim yog lub li ntawm tseem ceeb heev cwj pwm ntawm cov me nyuam kawm ntawv thiab intellectuals sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-Lub kaum hli ntuj, ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov hluas tshaj tawm hais tias nws ntsoos ntsoos los ntawm lub "kev ywj pheej Union ntawm cov hluas", yog ib tug analogue ntawm lub Soviet Komsomol, thiab cov nkag mus rau hauv existed ua ntej, tab sis lub overclocked communist me nyuam kawm ntawv union.

Raws li yog feem ntau rooj plaub nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, tau muab impetus rau thaum pib ntawm lub uprising menyuam kawm ntawv. Nyob rau lub kaum hli ntuj 22, lawv twb formulated thiab qhia rau cov tsoom fwv xav tau xws li lub sij hawm teem ntawm Nagy raws li Prime Minister, lub koom haum kev ywj pheej xaiv tsa, tus ntsoos ntsoos ntawm Soviet troops los ntawm lub teb chaws thiab lub demolition ntawm ib tug monument rau Stalin. Banners nrog xws li slogans yog txaus siab ris lub koom npaj ib hnub tom ntej teb chaws ua qauv qhia.

Lub kaum hli ntuj 23, 1956

Qhov no Procession kev, uas pib nyob rau hauv Budapest, raws nraim kaum tsib teev, attracted ntau tshaj ob puas txhiab koom. Keeb kwm ntawm Hungary tsis yog nco tsis muaj dab tsi, ces tus unanimous nom tswv nyiam. By lub sij hawm no, lub ambassador ntawm lub Soviet Union, lub neej yav tom ntej lub taub hau ntawm lub KGB, Yuri Andropov tam sim ntawd hu Moscow thiab qhia nyob rau hauv kom meej txog txhua yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws twb nws cov lus pom zoo los muab ib tug kev Hungarian Communist, nrog rau cov tub rog, cov kev pab.

By yav tsaus ntuj ntawm lub tib lub hnub lub tshiab tsa Thawj Secretary Erno Gero VPT hais rau hauv xov tooj cua foom phem rau tus demonstrators thiab ntshai heev txawm tawm tsam lawv. Nyob rau hauv lub teb, cov demonstrators pawg neeg khiav mus rau cua daj cua dub hauv lub tsev, nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug broadcasting studio. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab cov departments ntawm lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg rog ua ntaj riam thaiv clash tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas muaj twb xub tua thiab raug mob.

Hais txog ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub demonstrators riam phom nyob rau hauv lub Soviet xov xwm allege hais tias nws twb tauj mus rau Hungary los ntawm Western txawj ntse cov koom haum. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm cov lus tim khawv ntawm tus txheej xwm ntawm cov neeg koom qhia tau hais tias nws tau txais, los yog cia li muab pov tseg lawm los ntawm reinforcements xa mus rau pab lub defenders ntawm lub xov tooj cua. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws twb mined nyob rau hauv lub warehouses ntawm kev tsov kev tiv thaiv thiab seized tub ceev xwm noj.

Tsis ntev lub uprising kis rau tag nrho cov ntawm Budapest. Cov tub rog thiab hauv lub Xeev Security Division tsis muaj tej teeb meem loj kuj, firstly, vim hais tias ntawm nws me me loj - muaj tsuas yog ob tug thiab ib tug ib nrab txhiab tus neeg, thiab tib ob, vim lub fact tias muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv tab sympathized nrog lub rebels.

Tus thawj nkag teb chaws ntawm Soviet troops nyob rau hauv Hungary

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, peb tau txais ib tug thiaj li tsis mus qhib tua hluav taws nyob civilians, thiab nws deprived cov tub rog muaj peev xwm mus coj loj kev txiav txim. Cov tau muab tawm muaj ntau lub tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub yav tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 23 nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov neeg: riam phom warehouses, printing ntawv xov xwm thiab Central chaw nres tsheb. Xav ntsoov txog cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm qhov teeb meem no, nyob rau 24 Lub kaum hli ntuj cov Communist nyob rau hauv lub hmo ntuj, xav tau lub sij hawm, lub tshiab tsa Imre Nadya lub prime minister, thaum lawv lawv tus kheej thov lub tsoom fwv ntawm lub USSR nrog ib tug thov rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm pab tub rog mus rau hauv Hungary mus suppress lub Hungarian uprising.

Kev kho mob tshwm sim yog cov kev taw qhia mus rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws tus 6,500 troops, 295 tso tsheb hlau luam thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lwm cov tub rog cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau no thaum muaj xwm ceev tsim lub Hungarian National Committee nug hais tias tus US tus thawj tswj hwm rau kev ntawm cov tub rog kev pab mus rau lub rebels.

thawj ntshav

Nyob rau hauv thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 26, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug rally nyob rau hauv lub square nyob ze ntawm lub parliament tsev, los ntawm lub-ru tsev ntawm lub tsev qhib hluav taws, uas ua nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm ib tug Soviet tub ceev xwm, thiab teem on hluav taws tank. Qhov no txhais rov qab hluav taws kub, uas raug nqi lub neej ntawm pua pua ntawm demonstrators. Cov xov xwm txog qhov teeb meem sai sai kis los ntawm lub teb chaws thiab tshwm sim los ntawm tua neeg pov tseg ntawm cov neeg nyob nrog tub ceev xwm thiab ib tug tub rog.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav normalize qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, tsoom fwv tshaj tawm ib amnesty rau tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub rebellion, yeem tso cia lawv cov riam phom, sib ntaus sib tua mus ntxiv li nram qab no hnub. Tsis muaj feem nyob rau hauv qhov tam sim no qhov teeb meem no thiab cov kev hloov ntawm Thawj Secretary Erno Gero Janos VPT Kadaroam. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, cov coj noj coj ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv thiab tsoom fwv cov koom haum tsuas khiav tam sim ntawd, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw nthawv tsim tsoom fwv hauv zos.

Tshem ntawm Soviet troops los ntawm lub teb chaws thiab pib ntawm chaos

Raws li cov neeg koom ntawm cov kev tshwm sim, tom qab lub tsis muaj hmoo teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub square nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm parliament Soviet troops tsis tau active kev ua tiv thaiv demonstrators. Tom qab ib daim ntawv qhia los ntawm tus Prime Minister Imre Nagy foom phem rau yav tas los "Stalinist" txoj kev coj noj coj ua, lub xaus ntawm lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg rog thiab pib ntawm kev sib khom lus rau tus ntsoos ntsoos ntawm Soviet troops los ntawm lub teb chaws, muaj ntau yam muaj lub tswv yim hais tias cov Hungarian uprising tau mus txog rau lub Desired tau. Sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub nroog lawm, cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub xeem hnub ntawm silence. Nadia tshwm sim ntawm kev sib khom lus nrog lub Soviet coj noj coj ua yog tus ntsoos ntsoos ntawm pab tub rog, uas pib rau 30 Lub kaum hli ntuj.

Hnub no, ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho anarchy. Laus hwj chim lug tau raug puas tsuaj, thiab sawv daws yuav tshiab yog tsis tsim. Tsoom fwv, lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv Budapest, yuav luag tsis muaj cov nyhuv rau dab tsi twb tshwm sim rau hauv txoj kev, thiab muaj ib tug ntse sawv nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua txhaum txij li thaum lub tsev lojcuj ua ke nrog nom tswv neeg raug kaw twb tso tawm ntau tshaj kaum txhiab criminals.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov teeb meem no yog compounded los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub Hungarian kiv puag ncig ntawm 1956 sai ua radicalized. Qhov no ua rau massacres ntawm cov tub rog, qub mej zeej ntawm lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg cov koom haum, thiab txawm cov nyob qib thiab cov ntaub ntawv Communist. Nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib qho HWP Central Committee tsev tau lawm tseg ntau tshaj nees nkaum tog cov thawj coj. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, cov duab ntawm mutilated lub cev ya mus hla lub nplooj ntawv ntawm ntau lub ntiaj teb no lub npe. Cov Hungarian kiv puag ncig pib coj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub "senseless thiab tsis hlub leejtwg li" rebellion.

Re-nkag rau hauv armed forces

Lub tom ntej tsuj ntawm lub uprising los ntawm Soviet troops twb ua tau feem ntau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj hauj lwm los ntawm lub US tsoom fwv. Nagy lub chaw ua hauj lwm cog lus ua tub rog thiab nyiaj txiag them nyiaj yug, qhov Americans ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb lub sij hawm ntawd tso tseg lawv cov luag num, tawm hauv Moscow dawb do cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no. Hungarian kiv puag ncig ntawm 1956 twb zoo ibtxhi mus ua hauj lwm thaum lub Kaum Hli Ntuj 31 lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub CPSU N. S. Hruschov hu ua rau tus me nyuam ntawm cov feem ntau radical ntsuas kom txhim tsa lub teb chaws tus communist tsoom fwv.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov lus qhia Soviet kws muaj txuj ci Minister , Marshal G. K. Zhukov coj txoj kev loj hlob lub hom phiaj rau ib tug armed ntxeem tau ntawm Hungary, hu ua "Vortex". Nws hu ua kev koom tes nyob rau hauv hostilities kaum tsib armored, motorized thiab infantry kev sib cais, nrog rau cov kev pab ntawm cov cua Force thiab plav chav nyob. Rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub lag luam no, peb hais lus yuav luag tag nrho cov thawj coj ntawm tus tswv cuab lub teb chaws ntawm lub Warsaw Pact.

Lag luam "Whirlwind" pib nrog lub fact tias nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 3 tus rog ntawm Soviet KGB, twb puas tau raug ntes nyuam qhuav tsa Minister ntawm kws muaj txuj ci, Major General Hungarian npawg Maléter. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hais lus muaj nyob rau hauv Tokole, nyob ze Budapest. Nkag mus rau lub ntsiab contingent ntawm cov tub rog, nws tau txib kom tus kheej G. K. Zhukov, yog ua tom ntej no thaum sawv ntxov. Cov hauj lwm vim li cas rau qhov no yog qhov kev thov ntawm tsoom fwv, taws los ntawm Janos Kadar. Nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm cov tub rog ntes tag nrho cov ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm Budapest. Imre Nagy, txuag lawv lub neej, sab laug rau hauv tsoom fwv lub tsev thiab coj qhov chaw nkaum nyob rau hauv lub Yugoslav embassy. Tom qab ntawd, nws deception mus ntxias tawm, ntxeev siab rau lub tsev hais plaub thiab nyob rau npawg Maléter laj mej pej xeem raug muab dai rau raws li traitors ntawm lub motherland.

Active tsuj ntawm lub uprising

Lub ntsiab txheej xwm coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis 4. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub capital ntawm cov Hungarian rebels muaj Soviet troops xav ua kom tau kuj. Yuav kom suppress tau thov flamethrowers thiab caws nplaum projectiles thiab haus luam yeeb. Tsuas yog kev txhawj xeeb ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb lub zej lub zos backlash tiv thaiv cov loj tus naj npawb ntawm pej xeem casualties khaws cia hais kom ua ntawm lub bombing ntawm lub nroog yog twb tsa nyob rau hauv cov huab cua dav hlau.

Cov tom ntej no ob peb hnub twb suppressed tag nrho cov muaj twb kuj, ces tus Hungarian kiv puag ncig ntawm 1956 coj daim ntawv ntawm cov underground nriaj tiv thaiv lub communist regime. Nyob rau hauv cov zaubmov, nws tsis zuj zus lawm tso tom ntej no xyoo lawm. Thaum ib tug lub teb chaws lawm thaum kawg paub tseeb hais tias cov pro-Soviet tsoom fwv pib loj arrests ntawm cov neeg ntawm tsis ntev los no uprising. Keeb kwm ntawm Hungary ib zaug dua pib loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub Stalinist scenario.

Soj ntsuam ntawm kwv yees tias nyob rau hauv hais tias lub sij hawm twb los txog 360 txoj kev tuag ua ke, 25 txhiab. Pej xeem tau raug plaub ntug, thiab 14 txhiab. Ntawm lawv tau pab ntau yam ntsiab lus ntawm feem raug kaw. Rau ntau xyoo tom qab lub "hlau ntaub", txiav tawm lub Eastern European lub teb chaws los ntawm tus so ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog thiab Hungary. USSR - lub ntsiab stronghold ntawm lub communist ideology - vigilantly saib txhua yam yuav mus nyob rau nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tswj.

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