Medieval Tuam Tshoj: thaum pib ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ib tug zoo kawg faj tim teb chaws.

Lub sij hawm "medieval Tuam Tshoj" yog tsis paub zoo li ntawd thaum muab piv nrog Western teb chaws Europe, raws li nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws yog tsis raws li xws li ib tug ntshiab faib mus rau hauv epochs. Conventionally, nws yog lam xav hais tias nws pib nyob rau hauv lub thib peb xyoo pua BC mus rau lub reign ntawm lub Qing Dynasty thiab lasted ntau tshaj li ob txhiab lub xyoos ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm lub Qing Dynasty.

Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Qin, uas yog ib tug me me lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws mus qhua rau hauv ib ncig ntawm ob peb kingdoms nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb thiab Western ciam teb nyob rau hauv pursuit ntawm ntshiab nom tswv cov hom phiaj rau ntsaub lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv 221 BC muaj ib tug kev koom ua ke ntawm lub teb chaws, yav tas los uas muaj ib tug plurality ntawm cais fiefdoms thiab historiography xa mus rau raws li "ancient Tuam Tshoj". Keeb kwm txij thaum ntawd los ploj mus nyob rau lwm lub txoj kev - los ntawm ib tug tshiab los koom ua ib lub Suav lub ntiaj teb no.

Qin yog tus tshaj plaws kev lis kev cai tshaj ntawm cov warring States thiab cov haib tshaj militarily. Ying Zheng, lub npe hu raws li cov thawj huab tais Qin Shi Huang, Tuam Tshoj muaj peev xwm mus sib sau ua ke thiab tig nws mus rau hauv tus thawj centralized lub xeev nrog nws capital Xianyang (nyob ze niaj hnub nroog ntawm Xi'an), muab tso rau ib tug xaus rau lub warring States era, uas ntawd kub ntev li ob peb centuries. Lub npe uas coj mus rau lub tus huab tais, yog tsiaj ntawv nrog lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab thiab tseem ceeb heev mythological cim thiab lub teb chaws keeb kwm - Huangdi, los yog lub daj huab tais. Muaj li nws lub npe, Ying Zheng tsa nws hwj chim. "Peb - Thawj huab tais, thiab peb xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yuav muab hu ua Ob txhais huab tais, Peb faj tim huab tais, thiab thiaj li nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txom series ntawm tiam," - nws tshaj tawm grandly. Medieval historiography nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thiab hu ua "lub imperial era."

Thaum lub sij hawm nws reign Qin Shi Huang txuas ntxiv mus nthuav lub faj tim teb chaws mus rau hauv sab hnub tuaj thiab yav qab teb cov kev taw qhia, thaum kawg ncav Vietnam ib thaj tsam. Loj heev lub teb chaws raug faib mus rau hauv peb caug-rau Chun (tub rog cheeb tsam), uas co-ua pej xeem governors thiab cov tub rog commandants, tswj txhua lwm yam. Qhov no system tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug qauv rau tag nrho cov dynastic tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj kom txog rau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Qing Dynasty nyob rau hauv 1911.

Tus thawj tus huab tais tsis tau tsuas yog koom lub medieval Tuam Tshoj. Nws reformed Suav sau ntawv system, pom nws cov tshiab daim ntawv raws li cov hauj lwm sau ntawv system (ntau historians ntseeg tau hais tias qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kho kom zoo ntawm tag nrho cov), caag system ntawm tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas thoob plaws hauv lub xeev. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb mob rau strengthening lub internal luam united kingdoms, txhua tus uas tau nws tus kheej cov qauv. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), ntau philosophical cov tsev kawm ntawv, nws tej lus qhia nyob rau hauv no los yog tias raws li contrary rau lub imperial ideology, tau outlawed. Nyob rau hauv 213 BC, tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm uas muaj xws tswv yim, xws li tej hauj lwm ntawm Confucius raug hlawv tsuas yog rau cov ntawv luam uas twb khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Imperial Library. Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm pom zoo nrog rau cov nqe lus hais tias nws yog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Qin Dynasty tuaj lub npe ntawm tus faj tim teb chaws - Tuam Tshoj.

Landmarks ntawm uas lub sij hawm yog lub npe hu thoob ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm archaeological excavations ntawm lub burial site ntawm cov thawj Suav tus huab tais (ze Xi'an), launched nyob rau hauv 1974, qhia ntau tshaj rau txhiab Terracotta nuj nqis (warriors, nees). Lawv sawv cev ib tug loj tub rog uas guarded lub qhov ntxa uas Qin Shi Huang. Lub Terracotta Army yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau exciting archaeological discoveries nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm huab tais burial piav raws li mikroversiya nws faj tim teb chaws txhiaj txiv mim uas pleev xim rau saum qab nthab ntws ntws tsim los ntawm mercury. Qin Shi Huang yog rho nrog cov creation ntawm lub Great phab ntsa ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Qin ob peb tiv thaiv phab ntsa tau ua nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ciam teb.

Medieval Tuam Tshoj pib tsis kam nrog cov expansion ntawm European luam nyob rau hauv opium, uas yog qhov ua rau ntawm destabilization nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab nws thiaj li coj mus rau lub Opium ua tsov ua rog (1840-1842; 1856-1860).