Bel Canto - ib tug txheej txheem ntawm virtuoso hu nkauj. suab kev kawm. opera hu nkauj

Ntev kab ntawm cov suab paj nruas nqe lus, melodic nqe vaj lug kub thiab kev hlub, amazing lub suab thiab zoo meej muaj kev zoo nkauj ntawm virtuoso hu nkauj. Thaum lub lem ntawm lub XVI-XVII centuries muaj hu nkauj lub tsev kawm ntawv, muab lub ntiaj teb ua suab txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ltalis, qhov twg avid rau fanciful ntsiab lus uas Italians muab lub npe ntawm Bel Canto (Bel Canto) - "zoo nkauj hu nkauj." Tsis txhob exaggerate, npav pib ntawm lub sij hawm no, lub heyday ntawm theatrical vocals thiab ib tug starting taw tes rau ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub opera ib hom ntawv nyeem.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov opera nyob rau hauv Florence

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm tau piav thawj ua yeeb yam tshuav lawv yug rau cov tswv cuab ntawm ib tug me me pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kiv cua ntawm ancient kos duab, tsim nyob rau hauv Florence thiab nkag mus hauv lub suab paj nruas keeb kwm raws li lub "Florentine Camerata." Kiv cua ntawm ancient Greek qee npau suav mus rau revive lub qub hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias lub lam tsis blab, thiab hu nkauj rau lus siv cov ntawv nyeem-recitative, melodious suab ntawm ib tus hloov mus.

Tus thawj hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm lub ancient Greek tswvyim hais ua dabneeg ntawm Orpheus, yog tus impetus rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm ib tug tshiab suab paj nruas ib hom ntawv nyeem - opera. Tab sis ua hauj lwm pab nws ib feem ntawm cov solo suab qhov chaw (Arias) yuam cov neeg hu nkauj mus tiag nyob rau cov kev cob qhia suab, uas yog qhov ua rau ntawm qhov zoo nkauj hu nkauj ntawm cov kos duab - Bel Canto. Qhov no implies lub peev xwm mus tua Broaching melodic tawg tsam rau ib tug ntev tsis taus pa thaum tswj cov smoothness ntawm lub suab thoob plaws ib suab paj nruas kab lus.

neapolitan tsev kawm ntawv

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XVII tsim lub Neapolitan opera kev lig kev cai uas tau thaum kawg tau txais rau cov theem kos duab rau ntawm Bel Canto. Nws yog ob qho tib si ib tug kev loj hlob txoj kev npaj Florentines, thiab nws kev hloov. Nyob rau hauv Naples, cov ua si lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm steel suab paj nruag thiab hu nkauj, thiab tsis paj huam, uas tau muab rau ib tug luag hauj lwm loj rau lub sij hawm no. Qhov no innovation relished cov neeg tuaj saib thiab tshwm sim los ib tug cua daj cua dub ntawm tej yam txaus siab.

Neapolitan composers structurally hloov lub opera. Lawv tsis tau tso tseg txoj kev siv cov recitatives, uas yog muab faib ua ntau hom: nrog (nrog los ntawm ib tug orchestra) thiab qhuav, muaj ntaub ntawv nkag rau hauv ib lub conversational yam nyob rau hauv uas tsis tshua muaj harpsichord chords kom cov suab paj nruas suab. Vocal kev cob qhia, uas los ua yuav tsum tau rau perpetrators, nce tej chaw ntawm solo xov tooj, tus duab uas tau kuj undergone ib tug hloov. Muaj raug Aria, nyob rau hauv uas lub cim qhia txoj kev xav feem ntau, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau qhov teeb meem thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib cov duab los yog ua cim. Nyuaj siab, buffoonery, koj tus kheej, mob siab Aria ntawm cov kua zaub ntsuab - sab hauv ntawm lub Neapolitan opera uas muaj nyob rau cov ntsiab lus.

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)

Koj composer thiab txhawb Scarlatti mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li tus tsim ntawm lub opera tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Naples. Nws tsim ntau tshaj 60 tej hauj lwm. Ib hom ntawv nyeem loj opera (opera seria), tsim los ntawm Scarlatti, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm mythological los yog keeb kwm zaj dab neeg txog lub neej nto moo cim. Opera hu nkauj overshadowed los ua txoj kev ua tau zoo kab thiab recitatives tau hloov los ntawm Aryans.

Ib tug ntau ntawm cov vocals nyob rau hauv ib tug loj opera txhab yuav tsum tau hais tias yuav tsum tau yoog mus rau operatic lub suab. Ntxias zoo tag nrho kos duab rau ntawm kev hu nkauj, txawm tias tej zaum qhov no coj mus rau funny tej yam uas - txhua txhua ib tug ntawm lawv xav tau lub composer yeej tau nrog cov opera Arias, muaj txiaj ntsim hais txog qhov zoo ntawm lub suab. Cov tshwm sim yog ib tug txheej ntawm tsis txheeb ze rau txhua lwm yam solos, vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi los ua lub npe hu ua opera seria "kev hais kwv txhiaj nyob rau hauv costume".

Kev zoo nkauj thiab craftsmanship

Lwm pab ntawm lub Neapolitan tsev kawm ntawv ntawm opera nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Bel Canto yog siv nyob rau hauv ornamental vocals (coloratura) hniav nyiaj hniav kub suab paj nruas palette. Coloratura Arias siv nyob rau hauv qhov kawg thiab pab cov ntxias los qhia cov neeg tuaj saib raws li cov tswv cuab suab. Big jumps, trills, zaj lus yog hom twg, siv cov theem zuj zus (repetition ntawm cov suab paj nruas nqe lus los yog melodic tig nyob rau hauv txawv sau los yog laus) - yog li ua lub kev paub qhia lo palette siv los ntawm virtuosos ntawm Bel Canto. Qhov no coj mus rau lub fact tias cov degree ntawm kev paub ntawm cov singer feem ntau soj ntsuam los ntawm lawv cov teeb meem executable coloratura.

Italian suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai yuav muab siab xav tau. Lub suab ntawm lub npe nrov hu nkauj distinguished los ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj thiab richness ntawm cov laus. Vocal kev kawm yuav pab txhim kho qhov kev kawm cov txheej txheem, mus cuag smoothness thiab npliag ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yog hom twg.

Tus thawj conservatory

Kev thov rau Bel Canto coj mus rau tsim ntawm thawj cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv uas npaj cov neeg hu nkauj. Orphanages - Conservatory - los ua tus thawj music tsev kawm ntawv ntawm medieval Ltalis. Bel Canto txheej txheem qhia rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev qog, repetition ntawm cov xib fwb. Qhov no piav txog cov theem siab ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj ntawm lub sij hawm. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv twb kawm los ntawm kev lees paub masters xws li Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) thiab Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676).

Tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tau muaj li tshwj xeeb ce los tsim lub suab, pob ntseg kev cob qhia, uas yuav tsum tau muab hais dua, kev txhim kho hu nkauj txheej txheem thiab tsim ua tsis taus pa - kev txawj ntse uas yog li ntawd tsim nyog rau Bel Canto. Qhov no coj mus rau lub fact tias, muaj pib kawm nyob rau hauv 7-8 lub xyoo mus rau 17 xyoo ntawm conservatory phab ntsa tawm kev ua yeeb rau cov opera nyob ntev.

Dzhoakino Rossini (1792-1868)

Nws tsos Italian Bel Canto opera txiav txim tus qauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no peb centuries. Landmark nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob yog tus ua hauj lwm ntawm Italian composer George. Rossini. Zoo zog, brilliance thiab agility vocals demanded los ntawm nplua nuj timbral ntau yam ntawm ntxias, virtuosity thiab exceptional hu nkauj lub tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm raspevnosti Arias thiab recitatives nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Rossini demanded tag nrho kev cog lus.

Melodizm Rossini teb cov leem txoj kev classical Bel Canto, yus tiav cov nqe lus maj mam thiab huv si huab cua dawb do ntws smooth suab paj nruag (cantilena) thiab sensuously tsa ardor. Nws yog noteworthy tias cov composer paub txog lub kos duab ntawm hu nkauj ntiaj. Nyob rau hauv thaum yau, nws hu nkauj nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hu nkauj ua ke, thiab nyob rau hauv adulthood, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus sau ntawv, enthusiastically echoed suab pedagogy thiab txawm sau ob peb phau ntawv rau cov kawm.

pedagogy

Italian opera hu nkauj, uas los ua ib tug cim ntawm lub European suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai ntawm XVII-XIX centuries, tuaj ua tsaug rau cov ua hauj lwm ntawm feemxyuam cov xib fwb-innovators, uas kawm txog kev hu nkauj thiab experimented muaj ib tug neeg lub suab, nqa nws lub suab mus perfection. Piav nyob rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm txoj kev yog tseem siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm cov hu nkauj.

Cov xim ntawm cov xib fwb dim tsis muaj trifle. Cov tub kawm ntawv kawm tau cov secrets ntawm dawb thiab yooj yim hu nkauj ua tsis taus pa. Vocal kev kawm lam xav tau ib tug mob loj tsawv suab volume, luv luv melodic nqe lus thiab nqaim Team sib, ua rau nws tau siv tus hais lus ua tsis taus pa, yus muaj los ntawm ceev ceev thiab sib sib zog nqus kev tshoov siab ua raws li los ntawm ib tug qeeb exhalation. Ntawm ce tsim los siv niaj hnub suab extraction nyob rau high school thiab tsawg sau. Txawm kawm ua ntej rau hauv daim iav muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm novice ntxias - ntev ntawm lub ntsej muag kab zauv thiab tense ntawm lub ntsej muag qhia ntxeev siab rau qaug dab peg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub suab apparatus. Nws twb pom zoo kom dawb, sawv ncaj thiab siv luag lub suab tau ib tug ntshiab thiab nyob ze.

Tshiab hu nkauj hom kev kawm

Complex suab, ua yeeb yam thiab staging nrug tau staged nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj txoj kev sib tw. Music qhia lub puab ntiaj teb cov cim, thiab lub suab los ua ib feem ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho scenic duab. Qhov no yog kom meej meej pom nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam ntawm John. John thiab Rossini. Yam, uas nws ua hauj lwm cim tus sawv ntawm lub Bel Canto style. Classical School yog suav tias yog tau siv cov falsetto rau siab sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los, cov ua yeeb yam rejects xws li ib mus kom ze - nyob rau hauv ib tug heroic scene ntawm cov txiv neej falsetto nkag mus rau hauv ib tug zoo nkauj dissonance nrog lub siab lub ntsws coloring kev txiav txim. Thawj hla tus Harbor ntawm no lub suab Frenchman Lui Dyupre, uas pib siv lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab ntau lawm, tsim kom muaj sia (narrowing ntawm lub suab) thiab phonetic (cov lus nyob rau hauv lub "s-zoo li tus" txoj hauj lwm) mechanisms rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub suab apparatus, thiab tau tom qab tau ua ib "disguised". Nws yog tau tso cai rau rau sab sauv feem ntawm lub audible ntau yam tsis muaj switching rau falsetto.

Dzhuzeppe yam (1813-1901)

Rov operatic suab kos duab, tsis yooj yim sua rau circumvent sab ntawm cov duab thiab muaj tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tus poj Italian composer George. Yam. Nws hloov thiab reformed opera, qhia cov zaj dabneeg contrasts thiab oppositions. Tus thawj ntawm lub composers coj ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv lub elaboration ntawm daim zajlus, theem tsim thiab ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv nws ua yeeb yam yeej thesis thiab antithesis, raging cwj pwm txawv thiab contrasts, sib sau ua ke heroic thiab mundane. Xws li ib tug mus kom ze dictated tshiab uas yuav tsum tau rau vocalists.

Composer qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub coloratura thiab hais tias trills, txoj kev tshav ntuj sau ntawv thiab gruppetto tsis tau los ua lub hauv paus rau lub suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm yuav luag tsis muaj txoj kev zoo nkauj decorations, tshuav xwb nyob rau hauv lub soprano, thiab tom qab ntawd kiag li zoo los ntawm opera qhab nias. Tus txiv neej tog ntawd thaum lub kawg nkaus dhau nyob rau hauv loj siv cov twb tau piav yav tas los "them los ntawm lub suab." Ntxias baritone ob tog yuav tsum tau reorganize lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub suab apparatus ntawm lub high school tessitura (high-altitude qhov chaw ntawm suab txheeb ze rau cov hu nkauj ntau), dictated los ntawm cov rog xav txog ntawm lub siab ntsws lub xeev ntawm lub cim. Qhov no tau coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm - "yam baritone". . Creativity yam, 26 zoo nkauj ua yeeb yam, teem nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam La Scala, cim lub rebirth ntawm Bel Canto - kos duab coj tuaj rau perfection muaj lub suab.

ntiaj teb no ncig saib

Ib qho yooj yim thiab elegant style suab yuav tsis tau khaws cia tsis pub dhau rau ib thaj tsam ntawm ib lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv nws ntxim nyiam maj muab feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Zoo nkauj hu nkauj ntxim lub ntiaj teb no theatrical theem thiab pab cov kev loj hlob ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv European kab lis kev cai. Tsim operatic kev taw qhia, hu ua "belkantovoe". Style thawb rau ib thaj tsam ntawm nws daim ntawv thov thiab mus kiag rau hauv instrumental music.

Virtuoso suab paj nruag Chopin (1810-1849) tsim Polish folk paj huam thiab Italian opera Bel Canto. Dreamy thiab maj heroine yeeb yam J. mach (1842-1912) sau belkantovym povhaum. Impact style yog zoo li ntawd tias nws cawv rau cov suab paj nruag yog tiag tiag spectacular, xws li los ntawm classicism rau Romanticism.

compound haiv neeg

Qhov tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics tau ua ib tug zoo composer M. I. Glinka (1804-1857). Nws orchestral sau ntawv - sublimely lyrical thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm monumental - sau melodies, uas yog saib thiab kev lig kev cai ntawm pej xeem nkauj, thiab belkantovaya sophistication ntawm Italian Arias. Lawv xam qhovkev Cantilena yog zoo li tus melodiousness lingering Lavxias teb sab songs - tseeb thiab paub qhia tej lo. Lub predominance ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshaj cov ntawv nyeem, vnutrislogovye chants (hu nkauj accentuation ntawm cais suab), lub suab repeats, tsim slowness tune - tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm M. I. Glinki (thiab lwm yam Lavxias teb sab composers) strikingly sib haum xeeb koom nrog cov kev cai ntawm Italian opera. Fado, raws li critics, yuav tsum tau txais "Lavxias teb sab Bel Canto" title.

Lub repertoire ntawm cov hnub qub

Ci ntsa iab Italian Bel Canto era twb nyob rau hauv lub 20-ies ntawm XX caug xyoo. Cov tub rog thiab cov revolutionary upheavals ntawm thawj lub quarter xyoo pua tau hla tus normative essence ntawm lub romantic opera kev xav, nws twb hloov los ntawm neoclassicism thiab sib cais los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm impressionism, modernism, futurism, thiab lwm tus neeg. Tseem nto moo operatic lub suab tsis tu tsis tseg mus thov mus rau lub masterpieces ntawm lub Italian classical hu nkauj. Art "zoo nkauj hu nkauj" brilliantly muaj A. V. Nezhdanova thiab F. I. Shalyapin. Unsurpassed tswv ntawm cov hu nkauj kev taw qhia yog L. Sobinov, uas yog hu ua tom qab lub Bel Canto nyob rau hauv Russia. Great Maria Callas (US) thiab cov puav pheej ntawm cov "lub suab ntawm lub xyoo pua" title lug txhawb cov miv Dzhoan Sazerlend (Australia), ib tug lyric tenor Luciano Pavarotti (Ltalis) thiab unsurpassed ntses bass thaj tsam Nikolay Gyaurov (Bulgaria) - lawv kos duab tau raws li nyob rau hauv artistic thiab aesthetic hauv paus ntawm Italian Bel Canto.

xaus

Tshiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag tsis tau rau dab noj hnub ci belkantovoy classic Italian opera. Hluas performers nrhiav cov khoom fwm nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm lub masters ntawm lub xyoo dhau los cov lus qhia kom paub ua tsis taus pa, xaiv, duab puab thiab lwm yam intricacies ntawm lub votes. Qhov no tsis yog ib qho kaw kev txhawj xeeb. Peb tej neeg tuaj saib sawv yuav tsum tau tsis hnov cov niaj hnub txhais lus ntawm cov classic tej hauj lwm thiab plunge rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb ib ntus qhov chaw zoo meej kos duab hu nkauj. Tej zaum nyob rau ntawd cov lus dag ib qho los mus unravel lub paub tsis meej ntawm lub Bel Canto ntawm lub phenomenon - yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub era txiav npluav rau tus poj niam lub suab thiab nyiam cov txiv neej siab register yuav tsum yug los hu nkauj kev taw qhia, ciaj lub centuries thiab muab mus rau hauv ib yaam system, tso lub hauv paus rau ntau centuries, txoj kev kawm ntawm kev hu nkauj.