Architecture thiab kos duab rau ntawm ancient Russia. Kev cai dab qhuas paintings ntawm ancient Russia

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kos duab thiab architectural style ntawm lub tuam tsev Russia nws cov hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub pa cua ntawm lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv 988 Kievan Rus 'nrog tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv kuv muaj zoo kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub Byzantine Empire, uas combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov glittering splendor ntawm lub East thiab West ascetic simplicity. Thaum lub sij hawm lub synthesis ntawm multi-art style thiab thawj daim duab tsim txoj kev architecture thiab kos duab rau ntawm ancient Russia.

Keeb kwm tom qab ntawm ib tug thawj style ntawm architecture thiab kos duab rau ntawm ancient Russia

Arts ntawm ancient Russia raws li ib tug monument rau lub pre-Christian kab lis kev cai yog tsis paub hais tias yuav niaj hnub zaum, thiab cov duab puab ntawm lub sij hawm no yog sawv cev los ntawm tsuas yog ob peb ntoo saum cov mlom. Cov tib qhov teeb meem no yog nrog tus architectural monuments ntawm lub pre-Christian Russia, feem ntau yuav, vim rau qhov tseeb hais tias lawv twb ua los ntawm cov ntoo thiab tsis tau fwm rau hnub tim.

Painting nyob rau hauv Russia pib muaj nws ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10, thaum, tom qab cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov kev siv rau lub teb chaws ntawm Russia cov Slavic tsiaj ntawv Cyril thiab Methodius ua tau cov kev pauv ntawm kev ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Byzantine craftsmen uas caw tom qab 988 xyoo nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lub nroog ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 11th caug xyoo, lub teeb meem no nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv thiab cov kev spheres ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev tau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lub pagan kev cai dab qhuas feem tso zis pib forcibly txiav txim hauv chav kawm ntawv los ntawm tag nrho cov spheres ntawm pej xeem lub neej. Yog li, lub architecture thiab kos duab rau ntawm ancient Russia pib nws txoj kev loj hlob vim hais tias ntawm muaj koom no Wednesday Byzantine cuab yeej cuab tam.

Yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm stylistic nta ntawm architecture

Architecture thiab kos duab rau ntawm ancient Russia raws li ib tug holistic style khaub ncaws ntau tuaj nyob rau hauv tib tus ntawm Byzantine architecture, uas yog lub tsim daim ntawv ntawm lub ancient tuam tsev vaj tse, maj mam sib sau ua ib tug paub zoo 10 xyoo pua hom ntoo khaub lig-domed tsev teev ntuj, yog sib txawv heev los ntawm thaum ntxov Christian basilicas. Tshem semicircular dome rau lub zog npoo ntawm ib quadrangular hauv paus ntawm lub tuam tsev, siv qhov tseeb tsim los ntawm "sailing" lub dome ntawm ib tug txhawb system thiab pab txhawb nws siab ntawm cov phab ntsa, Byzantine architects tau tiav lub siab tshaj plaws expansion ntawm lub sab hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab tsim ib tug tshiab hom ntawm Christian lub tsev teev ntuj vaj tse.

Qhov saum toj no piav tsim nta txog hauv lub tuam tsev, lub hauv paus uas yog cov thiaj li hu ua "ib tug Greek ntoo khaub lig", uas yog ib tug tsib squares txheej txheem equidistant los ntawm txhua lwm yam.

Ntau tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 - nyob rau hauv Russia tsim lub thiaj li hu ua "pseudo-Byzantine" style ntawm lub tuam tsev vaj tse, qhov twg ib tug squat dome ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawm lub qis drums, belted qhov rais arcades thiab sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev yog ib qho cheeb tsam, tsis sib cais los ntawm tug ncej thiab tus ntoo khaub lig vaults.

Yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm stylistic nta ntawm lub painting

Arts ntawm ancient Russia raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib hom ntawm artistic kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tuam tsev coj zoo tom qab uas lub teb chaws tom qab ua kev cai raus Rus coj lawv iconic kev caw Byzantine masters. Yog li ntawd, heev heev murals thiab frescoes ntawm thaum ntxov Christian churches pre-Mongol lub sij hawm indistinguishable nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab Byzantine keeb kwm.

Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, lub beautifully illustrated icons, paintings ntawm ancient Russia lub Assumption Cathedral ntawm lub Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas kos los ntawm Byzantine masters. Lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej twb tsis tau fwm, tab sis nws sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj yog lub npe hu los ntawm kev piav uas tau tau tiav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Caw painters nyob rau hauv lub monastery thiab pw lub hauv paus rau kev kawm nws cov paj ntaub. Venerable Alypius thiab Gregory yog thawj Lavxias teb sab nyuab uas tau ncaim tsev kawm ntawv no ntawm icon painting.

Yog li, kos duab, icons, paintings ntawm ancient Russia coj theoretical thiab methodological laaj ntawm lub ancient paub txog oriental masters.

Tseem architectural thiab siv hom thaj vaj tse thiab tuam tsev ntawm Ancient Russia

Culture ntawm Ancient Rus, painting, iconography thiab architecture uas yog ib tug hluas khaub ncaws ntau, me ntsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lub architecture ntawm pej xeem thiab thaj vaj tse, uas mus txuas ntxiv mus ua tej raug Terem vaj tse los yog fortresses. Byzantine architectural qauv tsis lam xav tej tswv yim kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov vaj tse, los yog txhua yam ntawm lawv nyias los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tawm tsam. Art ntawm Ancient Rus, kos duab thiab architecture, uas yuav tsum tau qhia los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov Pskov thiab Tver monastery vaj tse, rau lawv cov yam ntxwv kev ruaj ntseg, pab txhawb lub dome lub tsev nrog maksimalnnym thooj coj tus kheej lug.

Iconic Laus Lavxias teb sab painting

Culture ntawm Ancient Rus, uas nws kos duab loj nyob rau hauv lub kev tus ntawm Byzantine kos duab, tau noj zoo los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, muaj absorbed tag nrho nws cov feem ntau tiag tiag li thiab kev zoo assimilated nrog thawj Laus Lavxias teb sab art hom kev kawm. Thiab tab sis yog ib co kos duab cov ntaub ntawv, xws li artistic paj ntaub thiab ntoo carvings twb paub Laus Masters, feem ntau lug siv thiab tsim nyob rau hauv lub xubntiag ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kev kos duab uas lawv tau txais tom qab lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv rau Russia.

Orthodox kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Russia, lub painting uas yog sawv cev tsis tau tsuas yog lub tuam tsev murals thiab iconography, tab sis kuj ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab xaws xov, xav tej kev ntseeg thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm lub ntiaj teb neeg tau sab laug nws cov cim nyob rau hauv rau sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov vaj tse thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm pem hauv ntej.

Ntau ntawm cov xim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg

Monasteries thiab icon-painting cob qhia ntawm ancient Russia yog ib tug qhov chaw ntawm concentration ntawm scientific achievements thiab thwmsim nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, raws li lawv tes tawm ntau cov khoom xyaw ua xim.

Lub tej yam me me painting ntawm icons rau parchment thiab tswv advantageously siv tib number case. Lawv cinnabar, lapis lazuli, ochre, dawb txhuas, thiab lwm tus neeg. Yog li, yeej muaj tseeb rau nws cov tswv yim kev txawj ntse tseem painting ntawm ancient Russia: lub ancient kos duab rau ntawm Byzantium yuav tsis tau kiag li hloov lub zos txoj kev ua xim.

Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv txhua particular txheej txheem ntawm painting twb thiab yog nws nyiam hom kev kawm thiab txoj kev - yuav ua li cas los tsim cov xim muaj hlau nws tus kheej thiab txoj kev nws daim ntawv thov mus rau qhov chaw.

Raws li novogorodskomu tsab ntawv icon-painting ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, feem ntau najnpawb ntawm cov masters siv cinnabar, Lazor, dawb, prazelen. Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov xim - daj, liab, dub, ntsuab.

Dawb yog lub feem ntau nrov xim, feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv niam ntawm cov xim, siv rau daim ntawv thov ntawm qhov khoob thiab "razbelivaniya" lwm yam xim. Dawb ua nyob rau hauv Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Txoj kev siv thiab muaj oxidation ntawm cov hlau lead ib daim hlab nrog ntxiv acetic acid los ntawm ntxuav lub resulting dawb caramel.

Lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm "tsab ntawv" rau cov iconography ntawm no hnub yog ochre.

Arts ntawm ancient Russia, raws li zoo raws li nws cov Byzantine txheem yuav siv los ntawm ntau yam xim palette ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawv ntawm tus dawb huv duab.

Ib tug ntawm cov lug siv yooj yim xim yog cinnabar - mercury sulfide sulfur. Cinnabar twb mined nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe Lavxias teb sab Nikitinsky teb. Qhuav ntawm number case tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm cinnabar trituration nrog dej, ua raws li los ntawm dissolving nws nyob rau hauv ib tug concomitant thiab pyrite ore pyrite. Cinnabar yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm pheej yig dua minium tau los ntawm calcination ntawm cov hlau lead oxide.

Lazor li dawb, tsim rau kev sau ntawv ncua thiab tsim tones ntawm lwm yam xim. Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lapis lazuli twb Afghanistan deposit. Txawm li cas los, txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 16th, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm txoj kev yuav tsim ib tug xiav xim ntawm lapis lazuli.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov yooj yim dyes, tau siv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab iconography bakan, tsaus liab, prazelen, ntsuab, verdigris, Krutik ( "Sinilo") cov khoom ua si qhwv, sankir (brownish laus) gaff, Reft, kev ua si. ancient cov neeg pleev kob lub terminology rau tag nrho cov xim ntawm qhov sib txawv lus.

Art style ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab icons

Txhua territorially ib lub xeev lub koom haum tshwm sim ib yam consolidation ntawm artistic thiab aesthetic qauv, uas ntxiv poob ib co kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev siv cov qauv. Xws li ib tug raug rho tawm thiab nws tus kheej-tsim teb ntawm lub teb chaws thiab kev lis kev cai ces yog lub kos duab ntawm ancient Russia. Ancient painting ntau tshaj lwm yam cheeb tsam ntawm art yuav raug kev thiab pom tau qhov sib hloov, thiaj li yuav tsum kuj yuav hais txog nws cov nta zoo txog rau lub architecture thiab sau ntawv txoj kev.

Mongol ntxeem tau muab rhuav pov tseg ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov xeeb tub iconography thiab monuments ntawm ancient Russia, undermining thiab suspending tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv tshiab tej hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, ib tug tej yam daim duab ntawm yav dhau los yog tau los lub fwm tej ntaub ntawv thiab scant archaeological chaw.

Ntawm no, nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm pre-Mongol ntxeem tau ntawm monumental painting ntawm ancient Russia muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau koj iconography ntawm hom kev kawm - brevity ntawm puas siv thiab tu siab heev khi xim - tab sis los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov xim pib muab txoj kev mus rau lub kaj sov xim. Yog li, cov txheej txheem Byzantine icons rau lub xyoo pua 13th thiab yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation ntawm refraction nrog xws li qub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws kos duab hom kev kawm raws li freshness thiab brightness ntawm cov xim, zoo puas qauv thiab immediacy ntawm cov xim kab zauv.

Nyob rau hauv no era, nto moo tshaj plaws tswv ua hauj lwm, donosshie rau contemporary kos duab ntawm Ancient Russia - luv luv daim ntawv no muaj peev xwm yuav sawv cev los ntawm lub Moscow Tsam Peter, Archbishop Theodore ntawm Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev thiab Daniil Dub.

Nta ntawm Laus Lavxias teb sab xeeb tub

Mural painting nyob rau hauv Russia tsis nyob lawm ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab twb kiag borrowed los ntawm cov Byzantine kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ob peb Byzantine modifying uas twb muaj lawm hom kev kawm thiab cov khoom.

Ua ntej, peb hais tias cov kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Russia, lub painting uas ua ntej muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov mosaics, hloov cov kev siv ntawm plaster ntawm kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv, thov podmozaichnoe limestone av nyob rau hauv lub mural, thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua muaj ib txoj kev hloov los ntawm lub ancient Byzantine cov txheej txheem kev sau ntawv thiab zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv - tshiab primordially Lavxias teb sab receptions xeeb tub.

Ntawm cov radically hloov raug dab bases thiab xim tsev yuav ua tau distinguished tsos plaster tsim thiaj tau tuaj rau lub hauv paus ntawm ntshiab limestone, thawj diluted mus rau lub zog ntawm cov quartz xuab zeb thiab marble tej daim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting xeeb tub plaster hauv paus - gesso - nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug ntev ncu tus kab mob txiv qaub nyob rau hauv admixture nrog zaub roj thiab kua nplaum.

Laus Lavxias teb sab pictorial paj ntaub

Tom qab 988 xyoo, nrog lub advent ntawm vizantiyskiyh sawv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm ancient Russia, lub ancient kos duab yog thoob plaws nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm cult ritual cheeb tsam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub tus kheej xaws.

Ib tug ntau ntawm nws tau nce Tsaritsyno kev cob qhia ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov auspices ntawm cov neeg pej duchesses Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, poj huab tais Anastasia Romanova thiab Irina Godunov.

Sab nrauv xaws raws li ib tug kev cai dab qhuas kev kos duab ntawm ancient Russia muaj ib tug ntau ntawm ntau puas thiab nraaj nta nrog cov icon. Txawm li cas los, lub ntsej muag paj ntaub - yog ib tug collective ua hauj lwm, nrog rau ib tug ntshiab tis ntawm cov cwj pwm creators. Lub icon neeg pleev kob xwm li nyob rau hauv lub hom ntaub khov heev lub ntsej muag, inscriptions thiab tawg tsam ntawm cov khaub ncaws, tshuajntsuab - cov nroj tsuag. Cov tom qab twb embroidered nruab nrab xim; lub ntsej muag thiab txhais tes - txhob lo lo ntxhuav threads daim tawv nqaij tones, nrog rau ties tau muab tso rau kab raws qhov nkhaus ntawm lub ntsej muag; Ris tsho thiab lwm tus tej khoom los yog embroidered nrog kub thiab nyiaj threads, los yog multi-kob txhob lo lo ntxhuav.

Rau ntau dua lub zog ntawm cov ntaub underlay embroider canvas los yog daim ntaub, uas yog fastened qab lub thib ob hauv ob sab phlu ntawm nqaij mos.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyuaj yog bidirectional paj ntaub rau banners thiab banners. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab kub xov nkaug los ntawm.

Pem hauv ntej paj ntaub muaj sab daim ntawv thov - loj thiab cua pelona dai kom zoo nkauj tuam tsev, muab tso nyob rau hauv lub icons, lub thaj twb them, muaj ntaub ntawv rau lub banners. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, fabrics nrog cov dluab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg raug txuas mus rau lub rooj vag ntawm lub tuam tsev los sis palace, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub txais tos nrog.

Hwv variation ntawm ancient kos duab

Culture ntawm Ancient Rus - painting, iconography, architecture - muaj ib co hwv variantivnost rau ob lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub tuam tsev, thiab architectural thiab siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov vaj tse.

Piv txwv li, kos duab rau ntawm ancient Russia, uas yuav siv cov kos duab raws li ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj los yog mosaics, los yog frescoes, paug qhia los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia. Ntawm no yog ib tug dawb ua ke thiab mosaic thiab mural paintings, qhia ob phau pib qhia txheej nyob rau hauv kev xeem tuam tsev. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm txoj kev Hloov Hlo ntawm lub zos loj loj Vyazemy tag nrho cov plaster puag ua los ntawm ntshiab txiv qaub tsis fillers. Thiab nyob rau hauv Spassky cathedral Spaso-Andronievskogo monastery raws li ib tug choj plaster gesso qhia cov ntshav albumin.

Yog li, peb yuav xaus uas lub singularity thiab uniqueness ntawm ancient art lus dag nyob rau hauv nws hwv orientation thiab ib tug neeg tus kheej nyiam thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias kom xa cov xim thiab cov xwm ntawm lub tswv yim raws li nws lub teb chaws cov kev cai.