Amino acids: biochemistry, kev faib tawm

Rau kev ua haujlwm puv ntoob ntawm tib neeg lub cev, kev ua tiav ntawm tag nrho cov dej num, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau noj cov khoom noj uas muaj protein ntau, cov rog, carbohydrates. Proteins thiab proteins yog cov cim ntawm cov hlwb, yog li tus neeg xav tau cov khoom noj protein. Cov amino acids yog dab tsi? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tshooj no yog ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau kev pom zoo thiab kev kawm.

Ntaus cov amino acids

Cov tshuaj no yog tsim nyog rau qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom noj protein. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab tsib caug txawv cov amino acids, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg lub cev. Dab tsi yog qhov peb xav tau cov amino acids? Lub biochemistry ntawm 20 xws li sib xyaw tau raug tshawb tau los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws. Nws muab tawm tias kaum ob ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm muab coj los ua hauv tib neeg lub cev, thiab yim tsuas amino acids ib tug neeg yuav tsum tau txais nrog zaub mov.

Kev faib tawm

Xav txog qee cov amino acids. Biochemistry, faib ntawm cov organic tebchaw yuav sib cais ntawm peb cov loj pawg:

• Irreplaceable, tau nrog zaub mov. Tej yam tshuaj no tsis tuaj yeem muab coj los ua tib neeg lub cev;
• Sib pauv, tsim hauv lub cev, poob rau hauv nws ua ke nrog cov khoom noj protein;
• Cuam tshuam replaceable, uas ua los ntawm cov kev sib txuas mus yoojyim.

Cov Khoom Tshiab

Dab tsi yog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov amino acids? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tshooj no muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov yeeb yam. Amino acids muaj cov ntsiab lus melting siab, muaj cov kua dej ntau nyob hauv dej, muaj ib daim ntawv crystalline.

Dab tsi yog cov amino acids? Biochemistry, lawv cov qauv qhia tias muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide nrog kev ua qhov muag.

Tshuaj Yam Tshuaj

Lawv biochemistry yog kev txaus siab. Amino acids yog peptides ntawm tus thawj qauv. Nws yog precisely thaum ob peb cov amino acid residues yog tso ua ke rau hauv ib txoj kab ntawm lub cev uas muaj protein molecule yog sib txuas. Thaum ib tus neeg siv cov tshuaj glycine nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hmoov los yog ntsiav tshuaj, nkag tau yooj yim thiab nkag yooj yim ntawm cov organic teeb meem rau hauv cov ntshav. Lawv biochemistry yog kev txaus siab. Amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, Sibhawm yog cov tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm muaj sia nyob. Nrog lawv tsis muaj, muaj ntau yam kab mob.

Amino acids yog amphoteric tebchaw nthuav tawm dual chemical khoom.

Kev Cobphum Qib Siab

Cov chav kawm ntawm nitrogen-muaj xyaw yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub synthesis ntawm protein molecules nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws deficiency, teeb meem loj tshwm sim nrog lub poob siab system. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb cov amino acids rau lub cev? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tshuaj no amphoteric piav txog lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau biosynthesis hauv daim siab ntawm glycogen. Nws tus xov tooj tsis txaus los ua rau mob loj. Ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim tsis muaj 20 yam tseem ceeb amino acids, cov kws kho mob hu ua kev tsis txaus siab, kev tsim txom ntawm cov dej cawv muaj zog, muaj teeb meem rau kev ntxhov siab. Yuav kom tsis txhob muaj lub cev ntawm lub cev (tsis txhob tshaib plab ua rau lub cev), nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj xws li cov mis nyuj, nqaij, kua roj.

Duality ntawm cov khoom

Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov amino acids? Lub biochemistry ntawm cov tshuaj no piav qhia los ntawm kev kuaj pom hauv cov molecules ntawm ob pawg haujlwm. Cov tshuaj chiv no muaj ib pawg carboxylic (acidic) COOH, thiab kuj yog amines. Tej yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv no piav qhia txog lawv cov peev xim tshuaj.

Qhov sib xws nrog cov organic thiab pob zeb hauv av qaub no yog tshwm sim hauv kev tshua nrog cov co phom, cov oxides, cov kua qaub, cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj zog. Ntxiv nrog, cov amino acids tuaj yeem tshwm sim sib xyaw nrog cawv los tsim esters. Muaj cov amino pawg piav qhia lawv cov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kua qaub los ntawm lub tswv yim-txais kev pom zoo ntawm cov nyiaj.

Kev faib tawm thiab npe

Nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pawg carboxyl, nws yog ib qho ua tau sib faib cov organic cov sib txuas rau hauv alpha, beta, thiab cov amino acids. Tus lej ntawm cov atom atom ces pib nrog cov pa hauv qab ntawm pawg neeg acid.

Nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, amino acids yog txawv raws li pes tsawg tus functional pawg: yooj yim, nruab nrab, acidic.

Raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kabmob hydrocarbon, nws yog ib qho ua rau subdivide tag nrho cov amino acids mus ua rog (aliphatic), heterocyclic, uas muaj ntxhiab, thiab sulfur-muaj sib txuas. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho amino acid, 2 aminobenzoic acid tuaj yeem sawv cev.

Los ntawm systematic nomenclature nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw daim duab qhia rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov amino pab pawg neeg, ces ntxiv lub npe ntawm cov pa roj carbon saw, uas muaj xws li ib tug carboxyl pab pawg neeg. Cov ntawv Greek yog siv yog cov amino acid npe tom qab lub npe tsis tseem ceeb.

Thaum muaj ob hom (amino pawg) hauv molecule, lub npe yog siv los qhia meej txog cov lus ua ntej: taub hau, triamino. Rau cov amino acids polybasic, triol los yog diol ntxiv rau lub npe.

Nta ntawm isomerism thiab zus tau cov amino acids

Muab qhov tseem ntawm cov tshuaj qauv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj, qhia ob peb hom isomerism. Zoo sib xws rau cov carboxylic acids, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj no amphoteric, muaj cov isomers ntawm cov pob txha.

Nws tseem ua tau los ua ke cov cim me me nrog cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm amino. Ntawm kev txaus siab yog qhov kho isomerism ntawm hoob kawm no, uas ua rau nws ua tau kom piav qhia lawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv.

Raws li ib tug raw khoom rau lub synthesis ntawm nylon nyiam aminocaproic acid. Los ntawm hydrolysis, 25 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids tuaj yeem tau txais. Muaj qee qhov teeb meem nrog kev sib cais ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom haum ntawm amphoteric compounds. Ntxiv nrog rau hydrolysis ntawm cov protein molecules, nws yog ua tau kom coj los ua ke cov amino acids los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm halogenated acids raws li Gel-Folgard-Zelinsky ras txog.

Amino acids tsim thaum lub sij hawm kev ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov nqaijrog teej tug mus rau lub foodstuffs. Nws yog cov tshuaj uas yog cov cib, ua tsaug rau cov khoom cog thiab cov tsiaj txhu ua ke, cov kabmob uas muaj kabmob nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Piv txwv, thaum muaj mob loj heev ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj, tus neeg mob tau txais kev kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov amino acids. Nrog glutamic acid yog nqa tawm cov kev kho mob ntawm lub paj hlwb cov kab mob, pais plab ulcers tsim nyog los siv ib histidine. Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, cov amino acids raug siv los ua kev pub mis rau tsiaj, ua rau lawv loj hlob thiab loj hlob.

Xaus

Amino acids yog amphoteric organic compounds uas ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tib neeg thiab cov tsiaj. Nrog rau tsis txaus los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids, cov teeb meem loj mob tshwm sim. Kev noj zaubmov puv qoob pias tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov hluas, nrog rau cov neeg uas muaj lub cev ua si, koom tes nrog kev ua si.