Tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov ntsev thiab cov hau kev rau lawv npaj

Ntsev - tshuaj teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm inorganic tebchaw, uas muaj xws li cov anion (acid residue) thiab ntawv (hlau atom). Feem ntau, cov no yog crystalline tshuaj ntawm ntau yam xim thiab nrog txawv solubilities hauv dej. Qhov yooj yim tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm tebchaw - sodium tshuaj dawb (NaCl).

Salts raug muab faib ua qaub, qub thiab yooj yim.

Qee qhov nruab nrab (nruab nrab) tsim muaj thaum muaj acid hauv tag nrho cov xaim hluav taws xob raug hloov los ntawm cov hlau atom los yog thaum tag nrho cov hydroxyl pawg ntawm lub hauv paus yog hloov acidic acid residues (piv txwv li, MgSO4, Mg (CH3COO) 2). Thaum electrolytic dissociation, lawv decompose rau hauv zoo hlau charged anions thiab negatively charged acid residues.

Tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov khoom noj no:

• decompose thaum muaj qhov kub thiab txias;

• hla hydrolysis (cuam tshuam nrog dej);

• nkag mus rau hauv qhov kev sib hloov ntawm cov acids, lwm cov ntsev thiab cov hauv paus. Nws yuav tsum nco txog qee cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev xav no:

- ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ib tug acid yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tsuas yog thaum no acid yog tus muaj zog tshaj hais tias ntawm uas cov ntsev tshwm sim;

- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov kab pib hauv cov ntaub ntawv thaum tsim cov khoom tsis tsim;

- lub ntsev tov reacts nrog cov hlau yog tias nws nyob rau hauv cov kab xev tsom siab electrochemical ntau rau sab laug ntawm cov hlau uas yog ib feem ntawm ntsev;

- Cov dej qab ntsev sib xyaw hauv cov kev daws teeb meem nrog txhua lwm yam, yog tias kev tsim cov khoom txuam muag tsis tsim;

• Redox, uas tuaj yeem raug muaj feem xyuam nrog cov khoom ntiag tug lossis cov ntawv nyeem.

Acidic ntsev yog tau nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj atoms nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub (acid) los hloov cov hlau (piv txwv, NaHSO4, CaHPO4). Thaum cov kua hluav taws xob dissociation lawv tsim cov dej cation thiab cov hlau cations, anions ntawm acid residue, yog li ntawd cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm cov kua ntsev ntawm cov pab pawg no muaj xws li cov nram qab no ntu ntawm cov ntsev thiab cov kua qaub av:

• yog cov thooj av thim tau tsim los ua qhov nruab nrab ntsev;

• cuam tshuam nrog alkali, ua kom muaj ntsev li qub.

Cov ntsev zuag yooj yim tau txais nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov hydroxyl pawg ntawm cov hauv paus uas hloov cov acidic acid residues (piv txwv, Cu (OH) los sis Cl, Fe (OH) CO3). Xws li cov sib xyaw dissociate rau hauv hlau cations thiab anions ntawm hydroxyl thiab acid residue. Cov khoom ntawm cov kua ntsev ntawm cov khoom noj no muaj xws li cov yeeb yam ntawm cov tshuaj ntsev thiab cov hauv paus ua ke ib zaug:

• Txhim kho thermal decomposition;

• cuam tshuam nrog kua qaub.

Muaj yog lub tswvyim ntawm complex thiab muab ob npaug rau ntsev.

Complex muaj ib txoj hauv kev los yog cation. Cov tshuaj ntawm cov kua ntsev ntawm cov hom no muaj xws li cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov complexes, nrog rau kev tsim muaj cov kab mob sib txig sib tua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muaj peev xwm pauv tau ligands ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nrauv.

Cov ob leeg muaj ob hom cations thiab muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog alkali daws (txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv).

Txoj kev tau txais cov ntsev

Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tau los ntawm txoj kev hauv qab no:

• kev sib raug zoo ntawm acids nrog cov hlau uas muaj peev xwm mus nkag tau cov tshuaj atoms;

• Ua haujlwm ntawm cov hauv paus thiab cov acids, thaum hydroxyl pawg ntawm cov zauv muab hloov nrog acidic acid residues;

• kev txiav txim ntawm acids rau amphoteric thiab yooj yim oxides, ntsev los yog co;

• qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov hauv paus rau oxides acid;

• Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab ntawm acidic thiab basic oxides;

• ntsev los ntawm reacting nrog txhua lwm yam los yog nrog co (hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) ;

• kev npaj cov ntsev rau hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm cov hlau nrog cov khoom siv ciav hlau;

• acidic ntsev sib txuas tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub ntsev nruab nrab nrog cov kua qaub;

• Cov ntsev ntsev tsawg yuav tau txais los ntawm kev sib koom ntsev nrog ib qho me me ntawm alkali.

Yog li, cov kua ntsev tuaj yeem tau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, vim tias lawv raug tsim los ntawm ntau cov kev fab tshuaj ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tsis sib xws thiab cov sib txuas.