Alleles - ib tug piav qhia txog cov tswv yim, txoj kev sis raug zoo

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Genotype muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov noob, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua raws li ib chav tsev xwb. Qhov tus tsim ntawm noob caj noob ces, Mendel, nyob rau hauv nws sau, piav dab tsi nws pom tsuas yog ib qho sij hawm los mus sib tham alleles - thaum muaj yog tsis dominance (loj heev) uas yog ib lub alleles, thaum lub sij hawm thib ob tshua kiag recessive (passive, piv txwv li tsis muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv .. sis). Txawm li cas los, thaum peb hais tias lub phenotypic qhia ntawm noob (sab nraud, hnov saib) tej zaum yuav tsis tau tsuas yog nyob ntawm seb ib tug los yog ib tug khub ntawm noob vim hais tias nws yog ib lub txim ntawm tus sis ntawm cov tag nrho lub cev.

Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag interacting cov nqaijrog thiab enzymes, tab sis tsis noob.

Cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic bases yog distinguished xwb ob hom noob sis - tus thawj muaj nyob rau hauv lub sis ntawm allelic noob, ib tug thib ob, ntsig txog, uas tsis yog-allelic. Tsuas yog yuav tsum tau to taub thiab cov khoom sab ntawm qhov teeb meem, vim hais tias tsis INTERACTIONS tej tswv yim los ntawm cov phau ntawv nyeem, thiab cov proteins uas tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm hlwb, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub tsheej lab. Qhov kev pab cuam nws tus kheej, uas yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau, yuav tsim lawv ntxiv sis cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub noob uas ua hauj lwm pab lwm commands ua nyob rau hauv lub chromosomes ntawm lub cell (organelles ultraskopcheskie hlwb).

Yuav ua li cas noob hu ua alleles?

Allelic noob - yog noob uas nyob rau hauv tib lub "qhov chaw" (los yog loci) nyob rau hauv lub chromosomes. Txhua nyob kab mob muaj cov alleles nyob rau hauv cov khub. Tus sis ntawm lub allelic noob yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev, uas yog lub npe hu ua: kodominirovanie, superdominance, ua kom tiav thiab tsis tiav dominance.

Allelic noob INTERACTIONS rau lub hauv paus ntawm tiav dominance yog hais tias tus hom noob txiav txim kiag li overrides recessive. Uas ua tsis tiav dominance kev sib raug zoo muaj peev xwm yuav hu ua, thaum uas ib tug recessive noob yog suppressed yog tsis tag nrho thiab tau txais, tab sis yog yam tsawg kawg nkaus, koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm phenotypic sijhawm.

Kodominirovanie tshwm sim yog hais tias tus allelic noob pheev lawv lub zog ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus lwm yam. Tej zaum cov feem ntau ua piv txwv piv txwv yog kodominirovaniya AB0 ntshav system nyob rau hauv uas nws tus kheej khiav lag luam ob A thiab B noob.

Superdominance - yog ua kom qhov zoo tshaj ntawm phenotypic ces ntawm lub hom noob yog hais tias nws yog "nyob rau hauv" nrog recessive. Uas yog, yog tias ib tug allele yog 2 hom noob, lawv tshwm sim heev tshaj dua li hom noob, nyob "nyob rau hauv" nrog recessive.

ntau allelism

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, txhua nyob hais tias tej zaum yuav tsuas 2 allelic noob alleles tab sis yuav ua tau ntau npaum li cas tshaj ob - qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua ntau yam allelism. Cia li hais tias cov sau phenotypic sijhawm yuav ua tau tsuas yog ib khub ntawm alleles, uas yog, thaum ib co ua hauj lwm, lwm tus so.

Yuav luag ib txwm homologous (tib yam) allele lub luag hauj lwm rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab manifestation ntawm ib yam, tab sis txawv nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj ntawm nws cov zaub. Tsis tas li ntawd ntau allelism xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm noob sis raug zoo. Hais tias yog, txawm tias lawv yog lub luag hauj lwm rau tib yam hais txog, tab sis, thawj zaug, qhia nws nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, thiab tib ob, los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm txoj kev (full, ib nrab dominance, thiab thiaj li nyob).

Nws yuav zoo li, yog vim li cas no tsis meej pem? Nws yog yooj yim - nyob rau hauv ib tug kab cell ntawm ib tug nyob qab yuav tsuas tau txais ib tug khub ntawm homologous alleles, tab sis uas tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm, twb daws rooj plaub no. Nws yog qhov no thiab tiav lub variability ntawm hom uas plays ib tug luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv lub evolution ntawm nyob quavntsej.