Yuav ua li cas yog lub radiographic xeem? Radiographic kev soj ntsuam ntawm welds. Radiographic xeem: GOST

Lub hauv paus ntawm tawg tswj yog tus muaj peev xwm ntawm nuclei ntawm tej yam tshuaj (isotopes) decompose tsim ionizing tawg. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nuclear fission yog ntiab tawm elementary hais, uas yog hu ua cov tawg los yog ionizing tawg. tawg zog nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm elementary hais tawm txim liab los ntawm lub keeb.

Corpuscular ionizing tawg

Alpha tawg zoo nkaus li tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov hnyav nuclei ntawm Helium. Tawm txim liab hais xws li ib tug khub ntawm protons thiab neutrons khub. Lawv muaj ib tug loj loj thiab muaj ceev. Cov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm lawv lub ntsiab qhov txawv cov yam ntxwv: me me allergic thiab haib zog.

Neutron tawg muaj neutron flux. Cov hais tsis tau lawv tus kheej hluav taws xob xwb. Tsuas yog thaum neutrons nrog lub nuclei ntawm lub irradiated khoom them ions yog tsim, thiaj li nyob rau hauv neutron tawg generated theem nrab ntxias radioactivity nyob rau hauv lub irradiated kwv.

Beta tawg originates los ntawm kev tshua nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus. Qhov no transformation ntawm ib tug proton rau hauv ib lub neutron los yog vice versa. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, electrons yog tawm txim liab los yog antiparticle - positrons. Cov hais muaj ib tug me me loj thiab cov tsis tshua muaj neeg siab ceev. Lawv muaj peev xwm mus ionize teeb meem yog me me, raws li muab piv nrog rau cov alpha hais.

Ionizing tawg nrog lub quantum xwm

Gamma tawg yog nrog los ntawm cov saum toj no dab emit alpha thiab beta hais los ntawm cov hniav lwj los ntawm cov isotope atoms. Ib emission photon flux, uas yog ib qho electromagnetic tawg. Zoo li lub teeb, gamma tawg muaj ib tug yoj xwm. Gamma particle mus ncig teb chaws ntawm cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, ntsig txog, muaj lub siab tob tob hwj chim.

X-rays kuj muaj nws cov hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub electromagnetic vuag, ces nws yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau gamma tawg. Kuj hu ua bremsstrahlung. Lub tob tob muaj peev xwm nws nyob rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub irradiated khoom. Zoo li ib tug duab tshav ntawm lub teeb nws yoojyim ib zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo me ntsis. Qhov no feature ntawm tus X-ray yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb kev lag luam thiab cov tshuaj.

Radiographic NDT txoj kev yog mas siv gamma- thiab X-tawg, uas muaj electromagnetic yoj xwm, thiab neutrons. Zus tau tej cov tawg siv tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej thiab pab kiag li lawm.

X-ray machines

X-rays yuav tau siv X-ray hlab. Qhov no lub khob los yog soldered hlau-ceramic lub tog raj kheej, uas tus sab sab huab cua rau accelerate lub zog ntawm electrons. Nyob rau ob tog ntawm lub electrodes kev cob cog rua thereto nrog opposite nqi.

Lub cathode - ib tug kauv ntawm lub tungsten filament, uas qhia ib tug nyias beam ntawm electrons mus rau lub anode. Cov yav tas yog feem ntau ua los ntawm tooj liab, nws muaj ib tug oblique txiav ntawm ib kaum ntawm 40 rau 70 degrees. Nyob rau hauv lub center nws muaj ib tug phaj ua los ntawm tungsten, ib tug thiaj li hu ua kom pom tseeb anode. Lub cathode nkag ib tug alternating tam sim no zaus ntawm 50 Hz los ua ib tug tej zaum txawv ntawm tug. Lub ndlwg ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaj ntog ncaj qha rau ib tug tungsten anode phaj los ntawm uas tus hais dramatically slow suab thiab electromagnetic oscillations tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd roentgen rays yog hu ua inhibition. Radiographic tswj yog mas siv X-rays.

Gamma thiab neutron emitters

Ib tug gamma tawg qhov chaw - ib tug neeg caij feem ntau isotope ntawm cobalt, iridium los yog cesium. Nyob rau hauv lub ntaus ntawv nws yog muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb iav capsule.

Neutron emitters yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv, nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov neutron flux.

radiography

Raws li cov qauv ntawm cov pab nrhiav kom paub tau rau txawv radioscopic, radiometric thiab radiographic tswj. Cov yav tas txoj kev yog yus nyob rau hauv uas lub graphical tau kaw mus rau zaj duab xis los yog phaj. Radiographic xeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev thov tawg mus rau lub thickness ntawm cov tswj kwv. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv qab no tus kwv ntes tswj duab tshwm nyob rau hauv uas me ntsis thiab kab txaij tshwm sim tau tsis xws luag (kab noj hniav, pores, tej kab nrib pleb) muaj voids uas muaj cov huab cua, txij li thaum ionization ntawm txawv tshuaj thaum irradiated ceev tshwm sim inhomogeneously.

Rau kom paub tias ntawm lub zoo tshaj siv ntawm lub phaj cov ntaub ntawv uas, ib zaj duab xis, ib tug X-ray ntawv.

Cov kev pab cuam Weld soj ntsuam radiographic txoj kev thiab nws cov shortcomings

Thaum kuaj tau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov vuam feem ntau yog siv magnetic, radiographic thiab ultrasonic kuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov roj thiab cov nkev kev lag luam tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kom huv si nais maum kuaj qhov chaw welded yeeb nkab pob qij txha. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov sectors radiographic soj ntsuam yog cov feem ntau nrov vim hais tias ntawm lub undoubted zoo dua lwm yam kev tswj txoj kev. Firstly, nws yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau pom tseeb: nyob rau ntes yuav saib tau lub caij nyoog luam ntawm lub sab hauv lub xeev ntawm teeb meem nrog rau cov chaw zov me nyuam tsis xws luag thiab lawv ntaem.

Lwm zoo dua - ib tug tshwj xeeb precision. Thaum kev ultrasonic los yog flux-rooj vag tswj muaj yog ib txwm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cuav kom paub tias vim kev sib cuag nrhiav nrog irregularities weld. Thaum uas tsis yog-hu radiographic soj ntsuam yog ua tau, ie, sis tsis ncaj los yog cov txee tsis yog ib tug teeb meem.

Thirdly, txoj kev tso cai rau koj los tswj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, xws li uas tsis yog-sib nqus.

Thaum kawg, txoj kev no yog tsim rau siv nyob rau hauv phiv huab cua thiab kev mob. Muaj radiographic tswj ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev pipelines no tsuas tau. Sib Nqus thiab ultrasound khoom feem ntau muab malfunctions vim tsis muaj peevxwm los yog cov yam ntxwv nta.

Txawm li cas los, nws muaj ob peb tsis zoo:

• Txoj kev radiographic soj ntsuam ntawm welded pob qij txha raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm kim cov khoom thiab consumables;
• Nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb kev kawm cov neeg;
• Ua hauj lwm nrog tej tawg yog txaus ntshai rau kev kho mob.

Kev npaj rau kev tswj

Kev npaj. Raws li emitters siv X-ray cav los yog gamma khuam. Ntxuav qhov chaw, ib tug kev soj ntsuam rau pom qhov muag tsis xws luag, npav lub soj ntsuam kev kawm thiab lawv cov npav ua ntej qhov pib ntawm lub radiographic soj ntsuam ntawm welds. Kos rau lub efficiency ntawm cov khoom siv.

Xyuas cov theem ntawm rhiab heev. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muab tso tawm qauv rau nyhav xeem:

• hlau - yuav muab nws tus kheej, perpendicular mus rau nws;
• grooving - departing los ntawm cov leeg yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 0.5 cm, lub grooves kev taw qhia - perpendicular mus rau lub leeg;
• Phaj - departing los ntawm cov leeg ntawm tsawg kawg yog 0.5 cm los yog ib leeg nyob rau hauv cov kev siv npav cim yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav pom nyob hauv daim duab.

tswj

Technology, thiab circuits radiographic soj ntsuam ntawm welds yog tsim, raws li nyob rau hauv lub thickness, zoo, tsim nta cov tshuaj tswj cov khoom, nyob rau hauv raws li cov specification. Qhov siab tshaj plaws pub kev ncua deb ntawm cov tswj kwv radiographic zaj duab xis - 150 mm.

Lub kaum ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab lub cev mus rau lub zaj duab xis yuav tsum muaj tsawg tshaj 45 °.

Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov tawg qhov chaw rau qhov kev xeem nto yog payment raws li lub specification rau ntau hom kev welds thiab cov ntaub ntawv thickness.

Kev luj xyuas ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm radiographic xeem nyob rau hauv lub ntes siv. Thaum uas siv cov radiographic zaj duab xis ua ntej thov kev pab txhua batch yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam kuaj raws kev cai nrog rau yuav tsum tau tsis. Reagents rau ua dluab kuj kuaj ntsuam nyob rau hauv raws li cov specification. Zaj duab xis kev npaj rau lub Control thiab Management ntawm tiav lawm dluab yuav tsum nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw tsaus. Tiav lawm dluab yuav tsum muaj tseeb, tsis pub me ntsis emulsion txheej yuav tsum tsis txhob tawg. Dluab ntawm cov qauv thiab cov ntawv yuav tsum tau saib zoo.

Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas cov ntsiab ntawm cov saib xyuas kev ntsuas ntawm qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov kuaj tsis xws luag siv tshwj xeeb templates, magnifiers, rulers.

Raws li tus xyuas tau, ua ib tug txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub validity, kho los yog rejection, uas yog ua nyob rau hauv lub hnub tsim daim ntawv ntawm NTD.

Kev siv cov filmless detectors

Niaj hnub no, cov technology yog nce incorporated rau hauv industrial qhuav, xws li nyob rau hauv radiographic tsis yog-tug xeem txoj kev. Muaj ntau ntau thawj uas ntawm domestic tuam txhab uas muag.

Thaum ib cov ntaub ntawv ua system thaum lub sij hawm radiographic siv reusable saj zawg zog phaj ua los ntawm acrylic los yog phosphorus. X-rays poob rau lub phaj, whereupon lub laser yog luam, thiab cov duab yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau lub monitor. Thaum cov kev tswj phaj arrangement qhov chaw analogously zaj duab xis detectors.

Qhov no txoj kev muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntshiab zoo piv rau zaj duab xis radiography:

• Muaj yog tsis muaj yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub ntev txheej txheem ntawm zaj duab xis ua cov khoom thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb chav tsev rau lub hom phiaj no;
• tsis muaj yuav tsum tau tas li yuav zaj duab xis thiab reagents rau nws;
• raug txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm ib tug me ntsis lub sij hawm;
• tam sim ntawd tus me nyuam ntawm cov duab zoo;
• ceev archiving thiab cia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv electronic media;
• muaj peev xwm siv ntau yam phaj;
• zog tawg nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj yuav raug txo los ntawm ib nrab, thiab qhov tob ntawm allergic qab.

Uas yog, yog ib tug nqi nyiaj lub sij hawm thiab yuav txo tau raug ntau ntau, thiab chaw pib qhov uas yuav kom cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Safety thaum lub sij hawm radiographic xeem

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo tau cov tsis zoo zoo ntawm tej rays rau lub noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ua raws li nruj me ntsis nrog kev ruaj ntseg ntsuas rau qhov kev siv ntawm tag nrho cov ua sawv ntawm lub radiographic tshuaj ntsuam txog ntawm welded pob qij txha. Basic muaj kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai:

• Tag nrho cov khoom yuav tsum roadworthy, muaj cov kev tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg ua yeeb yam - yuav tsum tau theem ntawm txoj kev kawm;
• nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev tswj Tsis txhob cia cov neeg uas tsis muaj feem xyuam rau ntau lawm;
• emitter thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam, ib tug neeg teb xov tooj yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub sab opposite cov kev taw qhia ntawm hluav taws xob yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 20 m ;
• cov tawg qhov chaw yuav tsum tau nruab nrog ib tug tiv thaiv ntaub thaiv npog, uas tiv thaiv lub dispersion ntawm rays rau hauv qhov chaw;
• Tsis txhob nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm tau hluav taws xob kis txwv ntev lub sij hawm;
• Tawg theem nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm los nrhiav neeg yuav tsum tau tas li saib xyuas siv dosimeters;
• venue yuav tsum tau nruab nrog txhais tau tias kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tob tob nyhuv ntawm hluav taws xob, xws li hmoov txhuas los xij.

Specifications thiab kev cov ntaub ntawv, GOST

Radiographic tshuaj ntsuam txog ntawm welded pob qij txha yog nqa tawm raws li GOST 3242-79. Ntsiab cov ntaub ntawv rau radiographic xeem - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov npav qhia yuav tsum ua raws li cov GOST 15843-79. Hom thiab lub hwj chim ntawm lub tawg qhov chaw yog xaiv nyob ntawm seb lub thickness thiab ceev ntawm lub irradiated khoom raws li GOST 20426-82.

Class rhiab heev thiab hom txuj no yog tswj los ntawm GOST 23055-78 thiab GOST 7512-82. Cov ua ntawm radiographic dluab yog nqa tawm raws li GOST 8433-81.

Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws txoj cai lij choj "Nyob rau Tawg Safety ntawm lub Pejxeem", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic Huv kev cai rau Tawg Safety", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.