Yuav ua li cas yog lub ecological niche: ib qho piv txwv. Hauj lwm ntawm lub ecological niche ntawm tus kab mob: piv txwv

Raws li ib tug ntawm cov ib puag ncig seem synecology tshuaj xyuas qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub coob txog ntau hom thiab lawv adaptability rau tej yam kev mob. Environmentalists pom tias tus kab mob no teej tug mus rau tus nyob lub zej lub zos txuas mus rau ib tug tej spatial coordinates nyob rau hauv uas lawv nrog ib leeg thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub biosphere: dej, av, cua.

Qhov no qhov chaw muaj ib lub npe nyob rau hauv ecosystems - ecological niche. Cov piv txwv los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm no yog npaj los ua pov thawj hais tias nws yog xam qhovkev rau hauv txhua txhua lom hom, thiab yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tus kab mob tus sis raug zoo nrog lwm cov neeg, thiab ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb.

Lub ecological yam ntxwv ntawm hom

Yog tsis muaj tsuas yog, tag nrho cov hom thaum lub sij hawm phylogeny yog nruj heev heev rau tej abiotic yam. Lawv txwv cov vaj tse uas lub cheeb tsam. Li ntawd, raws li ib tug lub zej lub zos ntawm cov kab mob no interacting nrog tej vaj tse tej yam kev mob thiab nrog rau lwm cov neeg, nws yog ib qho ecological characterization, lub title uas - ecological niche. Piv txwv ntawm cov tsiaj lub neej voj voog tshwm sim nyob rau txawv spatial chaw thiab lub trophic biogeocoenose - qaus liv muaj feem xyuam rau lub hom Arthropoda, Hoob Kab. Cov neeg laus - duab, ua active txhom, tau mastered rau lub cua cover, thaum lawv kab - mollusk, ua pa nrog gills, yog dej muaj tus kab mob.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ecological niche ntawm hom

Sau ntawm lub classic ua hauj lwm "Fundamentals of Ecology" Yu Odum coined lub sij hawm "ecological niche," uas nws siv los kawm txog cov biotic kev sib raug zoo pejxeem ntawm txhua theem ntawm nws lub koom haum. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntuj, uas yog, nws tseem ceeb heev raws li txoj cai - qhov no ecological niche. Ib qho piv txwv illustrating no txhais - ib lub zej zog ntawm cov nroj tsuag, hu ua cov tho kev. Lawv muaj kev tshwj xeeb physiological zog thiab cov nroj tsuag, uas lawv mus tau yooj yim yeej cov dawb cheeb tsam. Cov no yog cov Calamagrostis av, couch nyom, ti Belaya. Lawv tsim lub thawj biocenoses, uas hloov lub sij hawm. Odum hu ua lub cev nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob, thiab muaj peev xwm nyob cov duab - ib tug profession.

Model J. Hutchinson

Xa rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "ecological niche" ntawm lub sij hawm. Ib qho piv txwv illustrating nws - dawb-tailed mos lwj, uas nws lub neej voj voog yog txuam nrog Understory qhov chaw - perennial tsob nroj thickets. Lawv ua tau cov tsiaj tsis yog tsuas yog ib qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov, tab sis kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv. Tsim Hutchinson qauv hypervolume biogeocoenose cheeb tsam yog ib tug cell lub neej pab txhawb nqa cov neeg ntawm cov pejxeem. Nws cov kab mob no yuav nyob rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tsis txhob txawj yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov ib puag ncig. Kev tshawb fawb paub txog tuav lawv nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsim zauv qauv, muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov pom ib thaj tsam ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm cov zej zog uas muaj sia nyob hauv ecosystems.

Gause hauv paus ntsiab lus

Nws tseem hu ua kev sib tw cais txoj cai thiab yog siv los piav qhia txog ob daim ntawv ntawm tus tawm tsam rau hav zoov - cov hom kab kawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm Charles Darwin. Yog hais tias coob muaj overlapping xav tau kev pab, xws li trophic (ie tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus puag) los yog spatial (overlapping yeej - yeej) uas nyob ntawm seb lawv cov xov tooj, thaum lub co-hav zoov ntawm cov zej zog no xwb. Qhov no yog qhov kawg yuav ua rau lub ntiab tawm (xaav tsawg yoog pejxeem) thiab lub resettlement ntawm ntau sawb thiab sai heev proliferating kab mob ntawm lwm hom.

Piv txwv li, ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm nas gray maj moog coob ntawm dub nas. Lawv yog cov tam sim no ob peb nyob rau hauv xov tooj thiab muaj nyob ze dej lub cev. Peb tsis tuab lub tswvyim ntawm "ecological niche." Ib qho piv txwv uas qhia txog qhov no daim ntawv qhia yog xam los ntawm peb ua ntej lawm, namely: Hom nas Grey twb tswm qhov txhia chaw (spatial qhov chaw), nws yog omnivorous (noj cov zaub mov) thiab mus yos hav zoov ob hnub thiab hmo ntuj (lub sij hawm faib kev ua si).

Lwm cov piv txwv, uas characterizes cov kev cai ntawm kev sib tw cais: thawj settlers tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Australia, coj cov pej xeem ntawm lub European muv. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev loj hlob ntawm beekeeping tus xov tooj ntawm cov kab muaj ntau zog dramatically, thiab lawv maj mam supplanted cov neeg Australian muv vaj tse uas nws tas mus li vaj tse, muab qhov no zoo rau lub verge ntawm extinction.

Ib tug zoo xws li cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau coob ntawm domestic luav, mas los ntawm tib lub discoverers ntawm continents. Lub abundance ntawm cov zaub mov, zoo heev climatic tej yam kev mob thiab cov tsis muaj kev sib tw tau meant hais tias cov neeg ntawm no tsiaj pib mus txeeb lub teb chaws ntawm lub lwm yam vaj tse thiab coob tau khoo nyob rau hauv xws xov tooj uas pib ua kom puas ua liaj ua teb cov qoob loo.

Muab cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub ecosystem

Tseem yuav teb cov lus nug, yog dab tsi lub ecological niche. Piv txwv li, muab lub teb ntau cov lus teb - nws yog tseem ceeb heev raws li txoj cai cov nroj tsuag liab clover. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm nws cov kev faib - Teb chaws Europe, North Africa, Central Asia. Ceev loj hlob optimally ntawm ib tug ncaj noo meadows, nyob kub ntawm +12 ... + 21 ° C. Lawv tsim perennial grasses los yog hav zoov pem teb thiab yog cov producers ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus saw nyob rau hauv ecosystems.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm ecological niche

Nws muaj xws li ib tug sawv cev ntawm lub ntau txoj qhov chaw feem ecosystem uas muaj tej yam tsis abiotic yam thiab muab ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm ib tug pej xeem nrog cov tib neeg ntawm lwm hom: .. sib txeeb, cab, commensalism lwm yam aforementioned yam ntxwv biogeocoenose muab ib tug ua tiav hauj lwm ntawm lub ecological niche ntawm ib tug kab mob. Piv txwv ntawm cov tsiaj pov tseg, teej tug mus rau lub tsev neeg ntawm nas (Gophers, nas ceg ntev, nas ceg ntev) occupying qhov chaw ntawm semidesert nruj heev heev rau ntse fluctuation ntawm ib hnub thiab hmo ntuj kub. Noj sib nroj tsuag, lawv ua nej zaub noj loj tsiaj thiab cov noog: hma, eagles, Peregrine falcons, owls.

Pom thiab qhov tiag qhov chaw ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub hav zoov

Nco qab tias lub teeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kab mob no nrog cov tib neeg ntawm lwm cov coob thiab nrog tej yam kev mob - qhov no ecological niche. Piv txwv li ntawm av cov kab mob saprotroph, pub rau tuag organic teeb meem thiab kev ntxuav lub teb chaws, raws li tau zoo raws li kev txhim kho nws agrochemical zog, muaj tseeb nrog qhov tsim ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm biotic kev sib raug zoo nrog rau lwm cov neeg uas nyob hauv av: lub kab ntawm kab, cog cov hauv paus hniav, fungi. Tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm av cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub kub thiab humidity ntawm cov av, nws physicochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Lwm yam inhabitants - nitrifying kab mob chemotroph - tsim ruaj khov biotic kev sib txuas lus nrog coob ntawm cov nroj tsuag Leguminous tsev neeg: alfalfa noob vetch, lupines. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov tsis, ob leeg biotic thiab tej yam kev mob, tshwm sim tawm lub pom tau hais ecological niche ntawm cov kab mob. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub peev xwm (yuav tsum muaj me me) biogeocoenose, uas yog ib tug txheej ntawm pom tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas lub hom yuav muaj nyob indefinitely.

Cov kev cai yuav tsum tau teb ntau txoj zajlus ecosystem

Yog hais tias biogeocoenosis harshly raug huab abiotic txheej xwm xws li hluav taws kub, dej nyab, av qeeg los yog tsis zoo tib neeg kev ua ub no, ib txhia qhov chaw ntawm nws yog free, uas yog devoid ntawm lub yav tas los nyob ntawm no coob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov tsos ntawm lub neej tshiab ntaub ntawv - succession - ua rau ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv hais tias ib feem ntawm biogeocoenose, uas nws lub npe - ecological niche nroj tsuag. Piv txwv ntawm nws kev sib hais haum tom qab qhov hluav taws kub qhia tias es tsis txhob ntawm broad-leaved hav zoov tuaj ib tug los yog biennial herbaceous nroj tsuag nrog ib tug high school cov vegetative zog: willow, willow-tshuaj ntsuab, niam thiab stepmother, thiab lwm leej lwm tus, muaj dawb ib co chaw ib zaug colonized los ntawm tshiab hom coob.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, peb kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li ecological niche ntawm ib tug kab mob. Cov piv txwv yog los ntawm peb kom paub tseeb tias nws yog ib tug ntau txoj complex txais kev pom kev ua neej nyob tej yam kev mob ntawm coob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.