Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug lub suab hais lus? Nta dialects los ntawm txoj kev ntawm Piv txwv li Lavxias teb sab, German thiab lus Askiv

Yog hais tias peb tham txog dab tsi ib lub suab hais lus, nws yog feem ntau tsim nyog los txhais tau lub sij hawm. Los ntawm cov Greek "dialektos" translates li "adverb". Nws txhais tau tias lub tib yam - ib hom ntawm lub suab hais lus yog hu ua ib hom lus, uas yog tsuas yog siv ib tug tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg. lawv feem ntau yog koom nrog tog twg los lub hwv los yog ua hauj lwm los yog kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog.

Nta thiab tseem

Hais txog hais tias, dab tsi yog qhov suab hais lus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb nta. Tus thawj yog hais tias cov neeg dialects uas yog hwv, yog ib tug rog xav txog ntawm lub hom lus sawv ntawm ib tug neeg. Tej zaum txawm cov dialects los ua lub hauv paus rau lub teb chaws hais lus. Lawv hais lus sib txawv ntawm cov teev ntawm ib ncig, uas npog. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, tau tsim ib lub suab hais lus ntawm thaj av ntawd. Thiab lawv hais tias, tej zaum kuj yog txawm nyob rau hauv tib lub zos. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug lub suab hais lus muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev teb ntawm kev ua si? Qhov no yog qhov tsi koom siab ua ke nyob rau hauv nws cov lus hais txog cov neeg uas yog mej zeej ntawm lub tib lub hom ntawm kev ua si los yog hauj lwm. Thiab thaum kawg, ib tug ob peb lo lus hais txog cov kev sib raug lub suab hais lus. Nws yog tshwj xeeb mus rau ib tug tej pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg. Txawm li cas los, tsis saib qhov tseeb hais tias lo lus "lub suab hais lus" muaj ob peb lub ntsiab, linguists thiab philologists los ntawm cov sij hawm no yog meant rau tag nrho cov system. Nws yog li ntawd ntau haiv neeg hais tias txawm tsim ib tug science hu ua dialectology. Nws tau raug kawm dab tsi yog ib tug lub suab hais lus ntawm nws tseem, keeb kwm thiab lwm nta.

dialects lub teb chaws Yelemees

Lub teb chaws Yelemees - tsis xws li ib tug loj lub teb chaws, yog hais tias peb los sib piv nws nrog Russia, tab sis lub suab hais lus yog ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas. Lawv mus rau lub hwv. Tom qab tag nrho, lub teb chaws Yelemees yog muab faib ua 16 lub xeev, thiab cov neeg ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog distinguished los ntawm nws tus kheej lub suab hais lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws, es tsis txhob "s" cov lus hais rau "sch". Raws li qhov no lub suab hais lus yog ib qho yooj yim los mus txiav txim tias ib tug neeg yog Ameslikas los ntawm Stuttgart thiab Reutlingen. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias German dialects yuav to taub hais tias neeg hais tias paub qhov txawv cov Swiss thiab cov neeg nyob rau lwm yam German teb chaws hais lus, tseem yuav tau kawm kom paub txog. Piv txwv li, cov neeg los ntawm Switzerland es tsis txhob "e" nyob rau hauv lub kawg muab tso rau lub "i": "Spätzle" - "Spätzli", "Grüßle" - "Grüßli" thiab lwm yam Yav qab teb Germans (tshwj xeeb yog bavarians) yam txawv ntawm suab. Nws tsis yog li ntawd tej zaum lawv yuav tsis to taub lub northerners.

Kev cob qha cov paj nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lub suab hais lus

Dialects ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus - nws yog kiag li nyias muaj nyias ib qhov teeb meem. Sawv daws yeej paub ntau npaum li cas nws yog neeg nplua nuj thiab ntau yam. Uas yog vim li cas lub Lavxias teb sab dialects xav nyob rau hauv xws zoo-paub zaum li Dahl, Lomonosov, Trediakovskii. Ntau rov qab nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua los ntawm academician Sreznevsky xeem qhov kev pab cuam mus kawm lub specifics ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus yog tsim. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, nws them ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim yog qhov tseeb hais tias qhov no lub suab hais lus. Zaum qhia txawm los tsim ib tug "lus card, dialects thiab dialects." Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, txaus siab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab dialects tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam, tsis tsuas mus rau cov zaum ntawm lub CIS lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj los ntawm txawv teb chaws cov kws txawj.

Qhov scientific txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Lavxias teb sab dialects thiab lawv kev faib

Tom qab no pib tsim lub thiaj li hu ua lus geography. Nws kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias cov lus nta - ncaj qha rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia. Thiab tam sim no, tom qab ib tug thaum, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX, nws tau pib ib tug intensive kev kawm txog dialects thiab sub-dialects. Northern lub suab hais lus txawv cov lus hais "o" thiab nyuaj "g". Southerners, on qhov tsis tooj, tsis txhob ua siab deb faib "ib tug" thiab muag nws cov "t". Ib hom ntawm "Golden txhais li cas" yog lub Central Lavxias teb sab dialects, uas combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm yav qab teb thiab sab qaum teb lub suab hais lus. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias ib puas xyoo dhau los, Lavxias teb sab dialects twb razlichaemy, lawv yog hnub no, "smoothed tawm". Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab lus maj acquires cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab dialects receded mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab me me zos, lawv tseem muaj peev xwm yuav hnov. Txawm li cas los, muaj twb muaj ntau ua tsis yog ib tug hwv lub suab hais lus thiab kev sib raug zoo.

Dialects rau cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus Askiv

Lus Askiv yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yog hais los ntawm kaum ntawm lab ntawm cov neeg. Raws li, qhov English dialects yog heev heev thiab ntau yam. Chiv dialects tau tsim vim lub expansion ntawm lub British faj tim teb chaws. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog lub US cawv rau cov uas lwm tus continents. Cov feem ntau dialects yog British thiab American. Txij li thaum feem coob ntawm cov lus Askiv-hais lus neeg (txog 70 feem pua) nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, nws yog ib lub caij nyoog kawg no lub suab hais lus ua nrov tshaj plaws. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, muaj ntau ntau yam dialects, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej lub npe. Qhov no Scouse (nyob rau hauv Liverpool) thiab Geordie (Newcastle), Yola (ib tug tuag lawm lus, uas yog cais los ntawm cov lus Askiv, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog), Chicano, Vermont - thiab nws yog xwb ob peb tug cov dozens ntawm dialects. Ireland, Scotland, Wales, England, lub tebchaws United States - no thiab ntau lwm haiv neeg yog hais lus Askiv lub teb chaws, thiab qhov txhia chaw hais lus txawv. Yog li ntawd, txiav txim siab los pib kawm txog cov lus, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab rau koj tus kheej nyob rau hauv dab tsi lub suab hais lus yuav tsum tau ua.