Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug dictatorship? Nws ua rau thiab cov yam ntxwv

Lub tswvyim ntawm nom tswv tsoom fwv - ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv cov pa political science. Tej nom tswv hwj chim nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab nta. lub hwj chim yog siv los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm kev txoj kev thiab cov cuab yeej.

nom tswv tsoom fwv

Nyob rau hauv sib txawv keeb kwm lub sij hawm ntawm tsoom fwv yuav ua tau ib qho zoo heev hauv daim ntawv ntawm nom tswv tsoom fwv. Nyob ntawm seb lawv mechanisms kev sis raug zoo ntawm haiv neeg thiab lub xeev nws tus kheej, lub teb chaws tus nom tswv tswj, tus nqi ntawm cov cai, kev ywj siab thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov pej xeem.

Nws yog tsis tshua muaj nrhiav tau ib tug nom tswv tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv nws cov purest daim ntawv. Qhov no yog evidenced los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub USSR, thaum twg, nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm kev cai ywj pheej rau ib ntev lub sij hawm ua ib tug nruj heev dictatorship lub hwj chim. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws muaj yog ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem no, nrog rau cov dictatorship tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm kev cai ywj pheej.

Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm kev nom kev tswv tsoom fwv

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas characterize cov nom tswv tsoom fwv yog:

• Principles, uas yog tsoom fwv tsev;
• txoj cai hom phiaj;
• txoj kev thiab mechanisms rau moog nom tswv lub hom phiaj.

Qhov xwm ntawm cov nom tswv tsoom fwv ntawm lub teb chaws yog ncaj qha txog lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev, cov kev cai ntawm cov neeg, cov theem ntawm nom tswv khiav thiab kab lis kev cai. Tsis muaj zem lawv hais tias: "Cov neeg muaj lub hwj chim uas nws tsim nyog." Qhov no kab lus yog zoo taw qhia los ntawm cov neeg ntawm usurpation ntawm lub hwj chim los ntawm ib tug neeg los yog cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg (tus thiaj li hu ua nom tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb). Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub teb chaws nws tus kheej tso cai rau lub dictator coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nyob rau.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub dictatorship, muaj muaj lawv tus kheej cov pej xeem ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, thiab tej zaum kuj ntau tshaj li ib zaug. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub totalitarian regimes ntawm lub voj voog nyhav kom rov hais dua nws tus kheej precisely nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nrog pab nom tswv kab lis kev cai.

daim ntawv pom

Nom tswv tsoom fwv - ib tug rog xav txog ntawm qhov teeb meem no uas prevails nyob rau hauv ib haiv neeg yus muaj los ntawm qhov ntim ntawm pej xeem koom tes nyob rau hauv lub ce ntawm lub xeev hwj huam. Political zaum txawv ob theem pib hom ntawm lub xeev regimes.

1. Kev ywj pheej.
2. Undemocratic (dictator).

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv yog ib tug ncaj qha feem rau cov pej xeem 'qoj ib ce ntawm lub xeev hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Lub Constitution tsis qhia kom meej qhov xwm ntawm nom tswv lub hwj chim. Tab sis tej zaum yuav muaj indications ntawm kev ywj pheej orientation.

Nyob rau hauv lem, teb cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug dictatorship," - analyst characterizes hom nrog ib tug ua tiav tsis muaj pej xeem zej zog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub mechanisms ntawm lub xeev hwj huam. Lub concentration ntawm tag nrho cov hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm ib tug neeg los yog cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg. Cov yav tas yuav tsum yog ib tug txiav txim tog los yog txawm ib tug me me ib feem ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv.

Muaj ob lub ntsiab hom dictatorial (undemocratic) nom tswv tsoom fwv:

• totalitarian;
• authoritarian.

totalitarian tsoom fwv

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug dictatorship nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm totalitarianism, qhia nyob rau hauv lub 20s B.Mussolini thuam. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm lub sij hawm "totalitarianism" twb thov nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub Nazi regime nyob rau hauv 1925. Tom qab ntawd, lub sij hawm siv los mus xa mus rau lub Soviet regime.

Tus thawj ces totalitarianism, xa mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Nws zoo li yog vim haiv neeg muaj siab rau ib tug ntshiab kev loj hlob cov hom phiaj ntawm lub "lub neej tshiab", ib tug "tshiab economic kev txiav txim". Qhov no socio-economic qauv - nws yog ib yam ntawm cov loj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub ceev ceev kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pa lug, lub siab xav ntawm cov neeg sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm ib tug frightening neej yav tom ntej.

Cov kauj, ntshai lub xeev ntawm cov masses yooj yim poob nyob rau hauv tus ntawm muaj zog nom tswv cov thawj coj (chiefs, lub Fuhrer). Charismatic cwm pwm, nrog txaus nom tswv yuav yooj yim nrhiav tau ib yam li-minded neeg. Thiab nrog cov nyiaj them yug, muab imposes tsawg siab rau cov pej xeem los ntawm kev siv nws ideology, kev txiav txim siab, lub hom phiaj thiab txoj kev ntawm tsis tau zoo lawv.

Totalitarian regime yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tag nrho (tag nrho cov) kev mloog lus los ntawm lub xeev ntawm tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm lub neej ntawm tus neeg thiab zej zog raws li ib tug tag nrho. State hwj chim qauv nyob rau hauv totalitarianism - ib tug centralized nom tswv qauv. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lwm cov tshwm nom tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo koom haum nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no tau. Vim rau tag nrho cov haum ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm kev ua si ntawm lub tuam txhab yog tiav ideological tswj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim lub koom haum. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, xws li ib ideology ua ib tug ntiaj teb no unifying quab yuam. Nws yog zoo ib yam li lub ntiaj teb no tswj ntawm lub xeev raws ntawm lub totalitarianism regimes xws li cov tub rog dictatorship, tyranny, despotism, thiab hais txog.

Qhov txawv nyob rau hauv lub ideological currents pub rau subdivide lub totalitarian regimes nyob rau "laug" thiab "txoj cai". Raws li cov tswv yim ntawm Marxism-Leninism thiab kev siab phem, ntsig txog.

Cov hom nta ntawm tej totalitarian tsoom fwv yog:

• lub qhov kev tshawb rau cov yeeb ncuab, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab txawv teb chaws;
• tub rog los yog tub rog lub koom haum yog ib feem ntawm haiv neeg;
• lub creation ntawm muaj xwm ceev;
• ib tug mus tas mobilization ntawm lub masses mus nqa tawm ib qho tseem ceeb thiab ceev kev pab raws qib;
• txhav ntsug ntawm lub hwj chim ;
• phau ntawv cuav.

Totalitarian regimes yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub slogans: "yeej ntawm cov nqe lus", "qhov kawg justifies cov txhais tau tias", "tog - peb helmsman."

authoritarian tsoom fwv

Authoritarian nom tswv tsoom fwv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug concentration ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub tag nrho fais fab ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv ib tug txiav txim pab pawg neeg los yog ib tug neeg (tus huab tais, ib tug dictator).

Tsis zoo li totalitarianism, uas tsis yog tswj haiv neeg kom nruj nreem. Ideology tso cai rau lub pluralism tswvyim, muab nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub xeev system. Lub ntsiab qhia ntawm repressive ntsuas rests nrog cov zealous tw ntawm tsoom fwv. Pej xeem cov cai thiab kev ywj pheej yog cov.

Yam ntxwv nta ntawm authoritarianism yog:

• High centralisation ntawm lub hwj chim;
• subordination ntawm ntau yam ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev;
• ntshiab kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg thiab lub hwj chim;
• avoidance ntawm muaj zog txheem thoj;
• kev cuam tshuam ntawm xov xwm kev ywj siab;
• lub formal sib cais ntawm powers ntawm lub thawj, PatientsÕ thiab kev hais plaub ntug, yeej kev sib ncaim no tsis muaj nyob;
• cov kevcai tswj yog declarative nyob rau hauv qhov;
• kev xaiv tsa system yog tiag tseem ceeb.

Authoritarianism - txoj kev hloov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev ywj pheej thiab totalitarian regimes. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev loj hlob tej zaum yuav tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau ib tug thiab nyob rau hauv lwm cov kev taw qhia (hnyav los yog conservative variants thereof). Transitivity blurring zoo txhais yam ntxwv, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si totalitarian thiab kev ywj pheej regimes.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau authoritarian regimes yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub xeev uas lub hwj chim yog cog lus mus nqa tawm siv hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug system thiab nqa tawm ib tug "kiv puag ncig los saum toj no".

Cov ua rau lub dictatorship

Thaum hais txog nrog cov nqe lus nug "li cas yog ib tug dictatorship," peb yuav tsis quav ntsej nws ua. Lub dictatorship, raws li muaj ntau yam kev nom kev tswv zaum - yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub masses rau cov nom tswv thiab socio-economic crises. Zoo li cov phenomena yog nrog los ntawm ib tug loj tsos ntawm "txhawj", "knocked tawm ntawm lub rut" neeg. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej yam ntawm lwm yam (tsiv teb tsaws, economic crises, thiab thiaj li nyob), tus neeg poob kov nrog rau lawv cov kev sib pab pawg thiab kev cai kev cai. Cov no hais tias ib tug neeg yooj yim pawg, thiab nws yuav manipulated. Array muaj xws li tus neeg muaj heev rau lub plov meej ntawm cov thawj coj uas yog npaj rau cov muaj ib tug tshiab unifying lub moj khaum, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug tshiab ideology. Nws tsim ib tug illusion ntawm attraction ntawm tus neeg mus rau lub general (rau chav kawm ntawv, haiv neeg, lub xeev tog). Ua rau dictatorship yuav tsis tsuas nrog tab sis kuj lwm. Lub dictatorial tsoom fwv yuav tsum tau tsim muaj raws li ib lo lus teb rau ib tug sab nraud kev hem thawj, Ntxiv, nws yuav tsis tsuas tiag tiag, tab sis kuj xav txog tej yam. Hem yuav ua tau: qhov preconditions rau cov emergence ntawm armed teeb meem, cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm poob ntawm kev ywj pheej, tus xav txog qhov ntxeem tau ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws.

xaus

Hauv lub kaw system ntawm lub hwj chim (xws li ib tug dictatorship) tsis muaj qhov yooj thiab muaj peev xwm kom pab tau rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog ntawm multi-layered zej zog. Ntshai, ntshai, kev txwv ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej yuav tsis yeej ib txwm rau siab ntso nrhiav cov pej xeem. Thaum lub slightest nyem ntsuas hom nyob rau hauv ib haiv neeg pib mus rau manifest tus ntsuj plig ntawm qhov fab ntxeev uas yuav ntxeev lub hauv paus ntawm dictatorial regimes.

Ntxiv mus, tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm active kev loj hlob ntawm kev infrastructure, qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm muaj ntaub ntawv, cov loj xov xwm, Internet kev loj hlob rau totalitarian systems muaj ib tug uas yuav cov kev txwv thiab uas tsis yog-txiav ntawm lub qhov nqaim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teb. Thiab uas txhais tau hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tswj tau tus mus ob peb vas ntawm tus masses. Ib tug nco nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm ib tug thought - thiab qhov no yog tus thawj loj tshuab mus rau lub dictatorship, uas yuav ua tau kom lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub tag nrho qhov system. Yog li, hnub no, totalitarian regimes yog yuam kom artificially txiav cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw.

Thaum kawg ua kom puas rau dictatorship tsuas nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab tsev koom tes ntawm lub teb chaws tus pej xeem nyob rau hauv ib tug pob tshab ntaub ntawv kev sib raug zoo. Tseem ceeb rau lub xub ntiag ntawm "noj qab nyob zoo" lub hwj chim yog cov nom tswv kab lis kev cai ntawm ib haiv neeg, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws tus kheej-kheej thiab kev lub luag hauj lwm.