Yuav ua li cas yog humus? Yuav ua li cas yog humus av: pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm chiv

Nrog rau qhov no tswvyim muaj mus fim ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub li cas humus. Txhais los ntawm lub Latin "humus" txhais tau tias "ntiaj teb", "av" thiab yog lub ntsiab organic tshuaj uas muaj as-ham uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov nroj tsuag.

Humic tshuaj kuj zwm rau ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw yam ntxwv ntawm earthly av cover, piv txwv li, yog hais tsuas mus rau cov av. Muaj tseeb hais tias yog cov humus, nws yog tam sim no kom meej, thiab hais li cas rau nws saib? Residues los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab microbes raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sib tshuam nrog cov ntau yam ntawm cov ib puag ncig.

Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm humus yog es tham. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug maub xim, uas yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li ib tug zoo heev humus humic acid uas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon (txog 60%), cov pa (txog 35%), nitrogen (nruab nrab 5%), phosphorus, sulfur, hlau, thiab hais txog. Raws li cov foregoing, nws li nram no ib tug ntau lo lus teb rau lo lus nug hais tias yog humus. Humus - ib lub sij hawm combines loj loj complex tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg cov organic feem (humic thiab fulvic acids), inorganic tebchaw (tshuaj ntsiab muaj ib tug inorganic keeb kwm, los yog nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov zaub mov, uas yog cov humates thiab fulvates). Tab sis qhov no yog tam sim no tham nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Raws li nws yog tsim humus?

Nrog lub tswvyim ntawm humus koj tau ntsib raws li nram no qhib lo lus nug tseem hais tias yog humus av, thiab yuav ua li cas nws yog ua? Humus av - yog tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ib tug pov tseg cov khoom ntawm ntau yam kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cua nab. Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm humus yog check.

Nroj tsuag, metabolic khoom ntawm tsiaj tuag - tag nrho cov no yog zaub mov rau cov kab mob uas nyob rau hauv cov av. Ib txhia ib feem ntawm nws amenable mineralization, thiab lwm - biochemical enzymatic degradation thiab oxidation (humification), thaum lub sij hawm uas lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tebchaw, thiab humus yog tsim. Humus prevails nyob rau ntawd, raws li tau zoo raws li humic acid, uas yog nws thiaj li hloov dua siab tshiab, resulting oxidized rau cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hais tias txoj kev lub transformation ntawm humus - mineralization los yog humification - nyob ntawm seb ncaj qha rau hauv av thiab climatic tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj sov thiab noo climates, lub oxidation txheej txheem tshwm sim sai sai heev, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov khib mineralized nroj tsuag uas tsis noog nyob rau hauv cov av humus. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua txias transformation khib me ntsis qeeb, thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg yog me me, uas ua nyob rau hauv me me av humus cov ntsiab lus. Pom rau humification yog hauj sim huab cua tsis waterlogging.

Yog li ntawd, los ntawm lub saum toj no peb yuav kos cov uas tsim nyog cov lus xaus:

1. kom tau ib tug zoo sau, cov nroj tsuag tsuas yog xav tau kev pab carbon dioxide;
2. carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov av, yog feem ntau tsim los ntawm cov decomposition ntawm cov tsiaj thiab microbial cog residues interacting nrog sib txawv Cheebtsam ntawm cov ib puag ncig (kab mob, kab, cua nab, fungi, thiab lwm yam);
3. siv organic seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab microbes thiab daim ntawv humus humus, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov av fertility.

functions ntawm humus

1. Lub cev muaj nuj nqi. Nws tsim ib tug muaj zog av qauv, li no muab ib tug dej siab ncig ntawm cov dej yuav tsum tau cua kub thiab predetermined los ntawm kev loj hlob zoo ntawm keeb kwm nyob rau cov av. Humus tseem muaj txhawb rau muab coherence teeb xau thiab av loosening nruj.
2. Tshuaj muaj nuj nqi. Nws yog ib tug zoo kawg storehouse ntawm cov as-ham. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam kab mob humus decomposes nrog lub sij hawm (mineralization txheej txheem), uas ua nyob rau hauv qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tus neeg raug txim nyob rau hauv ib tug nitrogen nyob rau ntawd, phosphorus, poov tshuaj thiab lwm yam hais.
3. Lub lom nuj nqi. Humus tsim paaj tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab ntxiv cov kev ua ub ntawm ntau yam kab mob.

hom ntawm humus

• Mor (humus podzolic av). Humus hom yog heev ntxhib, muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm detritus, txoj kev ua ib tug uas tsis muaj roj ntsha kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub acidic mob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
• Moder (humus sod-podzolic av), uas yog tsim nyob rau ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lom ua si nyob rau hauv lub acidic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab thiab tsis muaj zog kev sib tshuam nrog cov mineral av.
• Mullen (chernozem Humus) txoj kev ntawm heev siab lom ua si nyob rau hauv nruab nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab, nquag ua num ua ke nrog lub mineral xau.
• Anmoor (humus sod-gley av), uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib ntus wetland xau.
• Aligotrofny peat, uas yog "cov neeg pluag nyob rau hauv humus" bogs.
• Lub Hom kawg - eutrofny peat, uas yog "nplua nuj nyob rau hauv humus" fens.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm humus nyob rau hauv cov av fertility

Humus yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov av tsim. Nws plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ncaj qha rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov av profile. Humus txhawb rau tsevneeg ntawm cov av ib qhov me me mus rau hauv aggregates (nais), nws ua ib qho ib tug tseem ceeb agronomic qauv thiab paaj rau tsob nroj lub neej lub cev thaj chaw ntawm av. Nws muaj qhov tseem ceeb as-ham rau cov nroj tsuag thiab ntau yam txoj lw ntsiab uas ua muaj nyob rau cov nroj tsuag tom qab lub mineralization txheej txheem.

Humic tshuaj yog zaub mov rau cov av microorganisms. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm humus nyob rau hauv cov av nyob rau ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj thiab lom dab uas ua rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm tshuaj tsim nyog rau cov nroj tsuag. Humus tseem muaj txhawb rau muab cov av ib tug maub xim, yog li cov av zoo absorbs hnub ci zog.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm humus

Qhov no chiv yog ib tug complex dynamic complex organic tebchaw uas yog tsim nyob rau thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm ntau yam organic seem.

Nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov av humus yog tau faib ib qho kev feem (kwv yees li 90%) muaj humic yam thiab uas tsis yog-kev feem (tus so ntawm) muaj negumifitsirovannyh organic tshuaj. Av humic tshuaj, nyob rau hauv lem, hais:

• humic acids - siab molecular yuag nitrogen-muaj organic tebchaw muaj ib tug cyclic qauv, tsis soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab acids, tab sis soluble nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog alkalis, ntawm lub humic acid xws li hydrocarbons (kwv yees li 50%), hydrogen (5%), cov pa (40%), nitrogen (5%);
• humates, tsim los ntawm tus sis ntawm humic acids nrog rau cov mineral xau; alkaline humates no mas soluble nyob rau hauv dej, li no txoj kev colloidal kev daws teeb meem; humates li calcium thiab magnesium yog tsis soluble nyob rau hauv dej daim ntawv ib tug dej-resistant qauv;
• fulvic acids - siab molecular yuag nitrogen-muaj organic acids yaj nyob rau hauv dej, ntau yam acids thiab alkaline daws teeb meem, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yog soluble nyob rau hauv ib co organic solvents; fulvic acids yog nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon, hydrogen, oxygen thiab nitrogen, yog tseem muaj nqis mentioning uas cov acids pab mus rau active kev puas tsuaj ntawm mineral av.

Lub ntsiab lus humus rau cov nroj tsuag

Tag nrho cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm humic tshuaj yog tseem tsis tau paub tias, yog li cov nram qab no tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb sawv daws yuav, nrees rooted nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb xav thiab xyaum.

Yog li, humus - ib tug fertilizer uas txhawb:

1. hnia pa ntawm cov nroj tsuag txawm nyob rau hauv mob shortage ntawm cov pa;
2. txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm agricultural khoom;
3. txhim khu photosynthesis, tsim kho lub kev ua si ntawm enzymes uas ncaj qha mus txog rau lub photosynthetic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
4. accelerating thauj thiab ncig ntawm as tam sim ntawd hauv cov nroj tsuag;
5. txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag;
6. Ua tau rau tus rooting thiab lub raum kev loj hlob;
7. resilience mus rau sab nraud phiv los;
8. tsim ntawm ruaj tebchaw nrog co, tus haum ntawm phosphate, nitrate thiab ntau lwm tus neeg;
9. acidity nce rau hauv paus chaw;
10. kom tsob nroj kam mus rau lub kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab thiab herbicides, txo tsub zuj zuj ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv qhov kawg khoom.

Kev siv ntawm humic tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm ntau yam kev ntsuam xyuas ua pharmacology kom paub tias dab tsi humus, tshuaj, uas yog raws li muaj xws li humic tshuaj yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm tib neeg thiab kev kho tsiaj raws li ib tug uas tsis yog-kev tshuaj uas txhim khu lub cev tsis kam mus rau los ntawm ntau yam teeb meem.

Kev kho mob tshuaj raws li humic tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no twb muaj nyob rau ntawm lub lag luam. Lawv muaj kev koom siv nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob ntawm sciatica ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lub pob ntseg thiab qhov ntswg, pharyngitis, txhaws ntswg, mob caj dab, mob caj dab, arthrosis thiab ntau lwm yam kab mob. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj no yog hais tias lawv yog cov uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom chemical.

Mysteries ntawm humic tshuaj

Uas tuaj mus rau ib tug muaj kuab xaus ntawm zaj dab neeg uas yog humus av nyob rau nws tsim, lub zog thiab zog. Qhov tshaj plaws xwb uas kuv xav ntxiv, nws yog ib tug ob peb lo lus hais txog cov neeg tsis paub txog humic tshuaj. Raws li yog zoo paub, lawv yuav tsis peculiar rau ib qhov tshuaj nyob tus yeees, lawv tsis muaj ib lub molecular nyhav thiab ib qhov tib xim. Humic tshuaj yog tseem kawm los ntawm chemists, av zaum, hydrobiologists, cov kws kho mob, kws muab tshuaj, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav piav tag nrho cov mysteries uas muab cia rau hauv lawv, uas yog huab cua yuav unravel ib tug ntau ntau.