Yuav ua li cas yog caj? Noob caj noob ces thiab nws cov hom

Yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus paub li cas yog caj. Los ntawm ib tug scientific point of view ntawm caj - yog lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug kab mob mus rau cov hloov nta ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab cov yam ntxwv rau lawv cov offspring. Txhua tus me nyuam yuav siv sij hawm los ntawm nws niam nws txiv ib co cim sijhawm thiab nta tsos, nws yog cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi caj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub cev yog tau kawm thiab hom metabolism thiab kab mob, thiab xav. Qhov no yog vim DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - lub caj khoom.

noob caj noob ces

Yuav ua li cas yog raws roj ntsha, tsis txawm paub tias muaj ntau ntawm cov me nyuam, tab sis hais tias qhov kev kawm ntawm caj - nws yog noob caj noob ces, tsis txhua leej txhua tus paub.

hom ntawm noob caj noob ces

Yog hais tias peb tham txog tib neeg noob caj noob ces, ces faib nws mus rau hauv lub nram qab no:

1. Pejxeem. Koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm caj dab nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg uas yog noj qhov chaw nrog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm kev sib yuav, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kev hloov, xaiv, rho tawm, los yog tsiv teb tsaws. Nws kuj kawm cov kev cai ntawm tsim ntawm tus tib neeg genotype.
2. Biochemical. Nws tau raug kawm cov kev, txhob kaw tswj biochemical syntheses, thaum siv cov feem ntau niaj hnub hom kev kawm ntawm biochemistry (electrophoresis, tsom xam, chromatography, etc.).
3. Cytogenetics. Tau kawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ntawm caj, uas yog kawm chromosomes, lawv muaj nuj nqi thiab cov qauv.
4. Immunogenetics. Nws sawv tawm vim yog lub tsev lag luam uas muaj ntau immunological nta. Yeej nws antigens ntawm leukocytes thiab erythrocytes, protein ntawm cov ntshav ntshiab.

hom ntawm caj

Rau hnub tim, lub nram qab no ntawm qub txeeg qub teg:

1. Nuclear. Nws yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub kis tau tus mob yam ntxwv (raws roj ntsha) uas yog nyob rau hauv lub nucleus chromosomes. Nws ob lub npe - chromosome.

Kev Cai ntaus nuclear caj:

• Qub txeeg qub teg yog autosomal recessive tsawg (tsis nyob rau hauv txhua tiam). Nrog rau qhov no feature ntawm ob niam txiv mus rau lawv cov me nyuam, dhau lawm, nws muaj peev xwm tsis yuav zam tau. Nws kuj yog cov me nyuam ntawm cov neeg niam txiv uas tsis muaj xws li nta;
• autosomal hom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv txhua txhua tiam. Qhov twg muaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg ib tug ntawm cov niam txiv ntawm tus me nyuam, dhau lawm, yuav muaj nws;
• golandricheskoe (concatenated nrog lub Y - chromosome) yog ib lub xwb cov txiv neej tus yam ntxwv thiab ntau. Yog kis tau los ntawm cov txiv neej kab;
• nrog recessive X - chromosome yog tsis tshua muaj. Cov poj niam yuav tsuas yuav nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias qhov no yeej yog los ntawm nws txiv;
• hom nrog X - chromosome nyob rau hauv cov poj niam nyob rau hauv 2 lub sij hawm ntau.

2. Cytoplasmic. Nws yog kuaj tau los ntawm muab piv rau cov kev tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam reciprocal crosses.

Caj thiab ib puag ncig

Nyob rau hauv tib qhov teeb meem no, cov neeg yuav coj txawv. Ib tug fact ntaus nqi mus rau caj. Tab sis txawm hais tias nws plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej thiab txoj kev loj hlob, cov ib puag ncig, dhau lawm, nws muaj ib tug zoo nkauj loj sib txawv. Qhov kawg tsim ntawm tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab lub cev kev kawm ntawm tus neeg. Caj thiab ib puag ncig yeej ib txwm txuas. Lub paaj ib puag ncig, ntau dua qhov lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug me nyuam tsa ib tug dlej neeg, txawm yog hais tias tus caj qub txeeg qub teg yog neeg pluag. Tam sim no, teb cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog caj", koj yuav tau coj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus tus neeg.