Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-sections

Nyob rau hauv txhua ntau lawm, qhov kev siv kev lag luam rau qhov siv thiab ua qhov chaw thiab lug siv tej dluab. Lawv sawv cev rau ib yam ntawm cov khoom los ntawm ces kaum sib txawv thiab tej zaum kuj yuav tsum tau qhov kev siv ntawm lub txais tos seem los yog seem.

Qhov no mus kom ze rau lub engineering duab yog ua, nyob rau hauv raws li uas muaj tej yam qauv. Lawv kom meej meej stipulate lub hom ntoo khaub lig-sections, uas coj qhov no technology rau cov qauv. Qhov no pub rau engineers ua hauj lwm kom zoo to taub tej dluab. Los ntawm no nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj ntawm cov tag nrho lawm thiab kawg khoom ntawm lub koom haum. Yog li ntawd, cov kev yuav tsum tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej mus rau lub creation ntawm cov dluab.

kev ua tau zoo duab Standard

Ua ib tug schematic saib ntawm khej, ntau hom ntawm khej, cones, tuav, thov mus rau lub kos duab tswj txawv qauv. Lub ntsiab ntawm lawv yog ib tug hluas system tsim ntaub ntawv (ESKD) "cov duab saib - views, khej, tus ntoo khaub lig-section."

Qhov no qhua twb qhia ib hlis ntuj 1, 1968. Nws qhia txog hais tias cov duab no yog pom raws li ib tug projection ntawm ib tug kwv rau ib tug dav hlau ntawm ib tug tej yam kaum sab xis. GOST "cov duab saib - hom, tej qhov nqaij ntuag, khej," hais tias cov drawings yuav tsum yog tus yam tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi. Tab sis ua tsaug rau lawv cov kws muaj txuj yuav tsum tau txais tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus kwv.

Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntawm cov dluab raws li lawv cov ntsiab lus, GOST muab faib mus rau hauv hom, tus ntoo khaub lig-sections thiab khej. Qhov no daim ntawv kuj tsim tej yam kev tshwm sim, ntawv thiab tej yam tshwm sim.

GOST 2.305-08 regulates tias tag nrho cov dluab yuav tsum tau ua ntawv thov mus rau ib tug nqus technology siv orthogonal (lub) projection. Qhov tseeb tiag mas, cov kev kawm yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub observer thiab cov qauv siv dav hlau.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv view ntawm lub fact tias ib txhia Cheebtsam thiab hais yuav tsum raug xam tias yog los ntawm ib tug txawv lub, tus mob no yog ua txhaum. Yog li ntawd, tus ntoo khaub lig-sectional views, lub drawings uas yog siv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm ntau lawm, hu ua dluab. Rau lawv kev kawm cov qauv qhia kom meej ib tug xov tooj ntawm simplifications thiab kev txo.

Lub tswvyim ntawm hom, tej qhov nqaij ntuag thiab khej

Tej qhov nqaij ntuag, khej, views - cov no yog cov peb lub ntsiab pawg nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm engineering graphics kos duab. Lawv yog cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd tsim nyog ncauj lus kom ntxaws saib xyuas.

Hu duab views lub workpiece qhov chaw uas ntsib tus tuav. Mus piv rau lub engineering ua hauj lwm rau xws li ib tug xam yog tso cai los ntawm dashed kab txhais cov invisible nto.

Lub ntsiab view - cov duab no pem hauv ntej. Tab sis tseem muaj lwm tus neeg ntawm nws hom. Nthuav dav yog tseem xwm li nyob rau sab laug, sab saum toj, sab xis, rov qab los yog hauv qab.

Hlais - yog ib tug workpiece duab, uas slashed puas siab puas ntsws dav hlau (ib los yog ntau tshaj). Nyob rau hauv lub seem nws yuav tsum tau qhia dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lub seem dav hlau thiab tom qab nws.

Tab sis qhov no seem kuj hu ua cov ntsiab ntawm txoj kev ntsuam xyuas, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tej yam txoj kev slashed dav hlau. Tab sis nws yog qhia xwb cas yog nyob rau hauv lub tej dav hlau. Lub fact tias nws yog, nyob rau hauv daim duab yog tsis pom.

Cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account ib tug kws ua tau zoo hauj paub tab siv ib tug engineering duab.

Tej thaj chaw deb thiab yuam seem

Standard ESKD views, khej, seem yuav qhib nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug tej yam cais. Raws li no mus kom ze, nws yog ua tau kom to taub qhov kev pom zoo qauv rau kev kawm ntawv graphics qhov chaw.

Tus ntoo khaub lig seem yog los ntawm los yog yuam. Ob subspecies tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub seem.

Nws yog preferable siv cov nws seem nyob rau hauv engineering graphics. Lawv feem ntau yog muab tso rau hauv cov kis ntawm tus constituent ntsiab ntawm tib hom.

Xws li ib tug Circuit Court (raws li tau zoo raws li cov duab, ib feem ntawm cov seem) yog muaj ntaub ntawv tuab kab nyob rau hauv daim duab. Yog hais tias tus ntoo khaub lig-seem ntawm lub overlay nws ib thaj tsam yog qhia los ntawm khoom tab sis nyias ib thaj tsam.

Yuav kom qhia tau tias cov symmetry axis ntawm tej dluab siv dotted kab. Lawv thov thinly thiab tsis txhais tej ntawv los yog xib xub.

Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog mus thov ib tug tuab kab yuav qhia tau ib qho qhib khiav seem dav hlau. Yog xaiv los ntawm tus xib xub, uas yuav muab rau to taub cov kev taw qhia ntawm gaze.

Tus heev tib phais dav hlau txhais Lavxias teb sab capital cov tsiaj ntawv. Npe duab hom hlau ntau thiab tsawg pab, cov rooj sib txoos los yog yam manufactured raws li lub "AA".

Nyob rau hauv no kawg thiab thawj zaug cwj nrag yuav tsum tsis txhob hla txoj kev. Yam uas luag muab tsav tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv alphabetical kev txiav txim, tsis muaj repetitions los yog omissions. Font loj yuav tsum muaj 2 lub sij hawm ntau xov tooj qhia ntau thiab tsawg pab.

Cov ntawv cov txheej txheem thaum uas tig mus txheeb ze mus rau lub ntsiab daim ntawv lo. Thiab nws tsis yog nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas rau seem dav hlau nyob.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm tej dav hlau

Nyob rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm tej dav hlau, muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm cov dluab uas yog tswj los ntawm GOST. Hom kev txiav nyiaj, khej, raws li tus txheej txheem kev cai, txhais nyob rau hauv qhov chaw saum toj no lub kab rov tav dav hlau.

Raws li nws, bisecting dav hlau tej zaum yuav kis tau los ntawm ib tug kwv horizontally, mas los yog obliquely.

Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug ntoo khaub lig sectional saib pom transversely, thaum uas tig mus rau lub kab rov tav dav hlau. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam drawings, hom engineering duab no yog hu ua li. Cov seem kuj muaj ntau lub npe nyob rau hauv txhua ntau lawm txheej txheem.

Vertical seem yuav muab cov kev txiav lawv mus rau hauv lub hauv paus. Ib tug ntau yam ntawm txoj kev ua inclined ntawm kab rov tav thiab kev sib tshuam dav hlau tej lub. Nws yog txawv los ntawm lub direct.

Vertical seem yog cov frontal (thaum uas tig mus rau pem hauv ntej projection kab) los yog profile (thaum uas tig mus rau lub projection kab profile).

Yog hais tias lub beam yog qhia raws qhov siab los ntev ntawm cov kwv yog ib tug longitudinal sectional saib. Tab sis muaj lwm kom pom tseeb ntawm daim duab. Muaj ntoo khaub lig-sectional views uas yog perpendicular mus rau lub orientation nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tej dav hlau, txheeb ze rau qhov ntev los yog qhov siab ntawm cov kwv.

Nyob rau hauv daim duab, tus txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig seem qhia los ntawm cov xib xub thiab yog xaiv ib qho qhib kab.

Number of clipping dav hlau

Rau tej yam yooj yim qhov chaw txaus siv tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub dav hlau. Qhov no yog txaus kom to taub yuav ua li cas lub ti teg taw yuav tsum ua qhov no. Tab sis rau txoj workpieces uas yog tsis txaus. Piv txwv li, muaj cov hom ntawm beams ntoo khaub lig seem uas yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau lub hlwb txiav nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau nyuab txoj kev.

Yuav kom qhov no kawg, cov qauv qhia kom meej rau kev siv ntawm ob peb kev sib tshuam dav hlau. Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav tawg los yog tau tsis nplas. Orientation dav hlau plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no hais txog.

Lub kaum uas lawv hais txog, qhia txog cov npe ntawm txhua tus lwm yam. Yog hais tias lub dav hlau ua ke kom tsim tau ib txoj cai lub, yog txiav stepwise. Thaum zoo li no piv yog yus txawv inclined seem polyline.

Thaum lub complex seem nyob rau hauv dav hlau hla cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus cwj nrag yog ua. Thaum thawj zaug thiab zaum kawg ib tug xub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov observer ob lub qhov muag. Lawv nyob tsis pub dhau 2-3 hli ntawm tus mob stroke. Nyob ib ncig ntawm sub tso rau ntawm lub tshuam ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm sab nraum lub ces kaum. txiav nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib txwm cim los ntawm hom "AA".

lub zos ntoo khaub lig-section

Tus ntoo khaub lig-section yog tso cai rau ua tsuas yog ib qho chaw ntawm tus kwv. Qhov no txwv kev saib xyuas ntawm lub preform yog hu ua ib lub zos ntaus ntawv. Nws yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv nyob qhov twg nyob rau hauv daim duab, ib tug xub taw tes rau tus txuam duab cheeb tsam. Qhov no pab tau rau cov dluab ntawm ntev, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm mus tas li-seem ntawm kev kawm.

Xws li ib tug duab tej zaum yuav muaj rau qhov qis tshaj txoj kab breakage. Hom neeg xyuas pib ntoo khaub lig-sections vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov zoo kawg thiab ntev yuav tsum tau siv no mus kom ze.

Seem no ntawm daim duab sawv tawm tsam ib tug tas mus laim ntoom kab. Cov kab tsis coincide nrog rau lwm cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub duab.

Lub zos seem yog cim ntawm daim duab hom "A". Nyob rau hauv ib tug hais txog hom raws li cov coj tsab ntawv los yog qhia.

ntxiv seem

Cov dluab (views, khej, tus ntoo khaub lig-section) tej zaum yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv dav hlau uas yog tsis thaum uas tig mus rau lub thawj slices ntawm lub qhov. Lawv hu ua complementary. Xws li ib tug mus kom ze nyob rau hauv lub engineering duab yog siv thaum nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los qhia tsis muaj distorting nrhiav los yog ntau thiab tsawg pab ntawm tej feem ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais.

Xws li ib tug seem yog kos npe los ntawm lub hom "A". Coj mus rau lub ntxiv seem saib cov kwv txuam nrog nws ib tug xub thiab kos npe rau ib tug zoo xws tsab ntawv. Pointer kuj ua rau nws paub tseeb saib cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov saib.

Yog hais tias lub yeem hlais yog nyob ncaj qha rau hauv cov coj duab projection, thiab xub kos npe rau ntaub ntawv rau duab yog tsis tsim nyog.

Ntxiv hom ntoo khaub lig-sections yuav rotated. Tab sis lub ntsiab yam khoom txoj hauj lwm yog muab khaws cia tseg. Rau inscriptions xws li "A" yog ntxiv lub kos npe rau ntawm kev sib hloov.

Qhov no mus kom ze txhob rau daim ntawv thov ntawm shading rau ntawm daim duab. Nws obscures thiab impairs duab clarity. Vim hais tias cov hom kev kawm yuav txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm graphics.

symmetry

Sectional views tej zaum yuav muab tso nyob rau hauv cov kis, uas yog tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub duab. Qhov no yuav ua tau nyob rau tom ntej no ntxiv ntawm cov kev txiav dav hlau. Tab sis xws li ib txoj kev yog siv tau xwb nyob rau hauv symmetrical zoo, uas yog tau thaum lub sij hawm phais. Tus ntoo khaub lig seem kav ib feem ntawm ib qho teb. Nws tseem yog conceivable ua kev sib hloov.

Rau symmetrical seem ntawm daim duab cim tseg ntawm lub dav hlau tsis depict. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug seem nyob rau hauv no daim ntawv lo.

Asymmetrical seem khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv lub rupture los yog superimposed rau ntawm daim duab. Qhov cim tseg ntawm lub dav hlau rau tej graphs depict, tab sis tsis tau kos npe rau cov tsiaj ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj yog tsis muaj inscription.

Nws seem ua voj voog ncig nrog ib tug tuab, tas mus li contour. Yog hais tias nws yog thov rau nws los kab siv ib tug nyias, tas mus li.

Yog hais tias qhov kev kawm ntawm ob peb zoo tib yam seem ntawm lub contour yog xaiv los ntawm ib tsab ntawv. Twv nrog tsuas yog ib daim.

piv

Duab (hom, tej qhov nqaij ntuag, tshooj no thiab) rau lawv yooj yim ntawm kev nkag siab yuav yooj yim zog. Standards thiab cov kev tswj kav hauv tus txheej txheem.

Rau yam nuj nqis zajlus tsuas yog ib tug ib nrab txiav los yog feem ntau ntawm ib tug qhib txoj kab nrog rau daim ntawv thov. Thaum ib tug kwv muaj ntau yam zoo tib yam hais yog twv tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Tus lwm yam zoo tib yam qhov no twv schematically.

Lub projection ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm cov kab tso cai yooj yim to taub. Tab sis, tsuas yog tias koj tsis xav tau ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws duab.

Ua nqus yooj yim nrhiav, e.g., yog hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog lub hom ntoo khaub lig-sections ntawm lub khob hliav qab, siv ib lub mus kom ze rau lub teeb. Qhov no simplifies qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov duab. Thaum ib tug nto hloov nrog ib tug kev regularity, nws yuav tu ncua.

Yog hais tias ib tug nto ntseeg nkaws mus rau lwm lub, lawv ciam yog tsis sau tseg qhia los yog tus saib xyuas.

Nepustotelye symmetrical qhov chaw thiab cov khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm nerassechennymi longitudinal seem. Thiab yog hais tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm tsawg tshaj li 2 hli, nws yog xwm nrog ib tug sib txawv ntawm lub ntsiab teev.

Yuav kom txhais tiaj chaw yuav ua kab pheeb ces kaum khoom kab.

Nws yuav tsum raug borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias cov tas mus li kev twb kev txuas ntawm hluav taws xob los yog xov tooj cua piv cov khoom txheem hom. Qhov no yog ib qho loj simplification, uas regulates qhov Unified system rau tsim ntaub ntawv. Lawv feem ntau siv rau cov kev siv drawings rau loj industries uas yuav tsum tau sophisticated portray qhov chaw, Cheebtsam lossis mechanisms.

Ib txhia tshwj xeeb no ntawm simplifications

Yog hais tias daim duab txiav, khej, views portrayed lawm yuav hloov tau qhov chaw, lawv yuav tawg tawm. Qhov no yog ua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Muaj peb cov kev txwv.

Tus thawj hom yuav siv ntawm ib tug tas mus li nyias tawg kab. Nws yuav mus dhau ciam teb ntawm cov duab yog 2-4 hli. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub contour ntawm ib sab tej zaum yuav txuas tus nruam laim ntoom kab los yog lineart.

Mus piv rau ntawm daim duab, cov dotted line yog tau tso cai los ua qhov txiav ntawm tej dav hlau thiab saib. Tsis tas li ntawd, los txhim kho cov kev nkag siab ntawm txoj graphics siv seem.

Thaum cov duab apertures ntawm tej qhov chaw (hub zog, keyways, Pulleys) yog muab tsuas yog lawv qhia. Yog hais tias lub clipping dav hlau tsis tau txais ib ncig flange pov tseg nyob rau thaum lub caij so, nws depict nyob rau hauv seem.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub qhia txog yam tshiab rau ntawm qhov chaw, tas mus li network yog tso cai rau sawv cev tsuas ib feem me me ntawm nws lub ntsiab los yog piv ntawm daim duab.

Tej kev yuav ua tau lub purity ntawm daim duab, mus pab nws to taub. Tom qab tag nrho, hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm engineering duab rau cov creation ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom yuav siv ntawm ib tug cim. Nws yuav tsum paub txhua tus kws uas nws ua hauj lwm yog kev cob cog rua nrog hom ntawm cov dluab. Los ntawm no zoo ntawm zaum kawg tshwm sim nyob.

Tom qab tshuaj ntsuam lub hom ntoo khaub lig-sections, nws yog ua tau kom to taub tej ntsiab cai ntawm lawv cov kev kawm thiab kev nkag siab. Thov qauv tswv yim pom zoo, koj muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug zoo duab ntawm kev coj dawb huv. Qhov no tswj tus txheej txheem ntawm kev txhais. To taub qhov txawv ntawm ib tug saib thiab ib tug seem txiav, paub txog lawv tseeb kev faib thiab sau npe ntawm cov kos duab technology tus kws muaj peev xwm tsim cov cai duab. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub txog cov ti teg taw ua tau zoo rau workpiece los yog cov khoom tiav, thiab yuav muaj peev xwm mus tsim tau tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm cov Cheebtsam thiab qhov chaw. Los ntawm tus txheej txheem no nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov tag nrho lawm.