Cov khoom ntawm iav thiab nws daim ntawv thov

Lub sij hawm "iav" yog hais txog ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej hub khoom, uas yog manufactured nyob rau high school kub. Lawv txawv nta yog du nto thiab tsawg porosity. Cov thaj chaw ntawm iav nyob rau hauv siab thov hnub no. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ib co zoo ntawm kev lag luam los yog lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag, peb txog qhov twg nws yog siv.

Feem ntau cov hniav iav thiab tshuaj ntxuav tais diav, kho hniav crowns thiab hluav taws xob insulators. Feem ntau dawb los yog off-dawb, dawb "ci" no zoo kawg nkaus khoom los unpresentable daim tais diav ntim chaws, uas yuav ua paub rau peb zoo tsuas yog tom qab ci nyob rau hauv kub furnaces.

Cov kev pab cuam ntawm Suav kev pab cuam

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav sib tham txog lub zog thiab txhua yam kev iav. Koj yuav to taub vim li cas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog thiaj li nrov hais tias nws cov kev yuav khoom tau sau nrog zoo ntoj ke mus kawm. Rau ib tug zoo nkauj teeb, uas niaj hnub no koj muaj peev xwm yuav nyob rau hauv tej khw, ces koj yuav tau raug tua.

Oddly txaus, tab sis cov khoom ntawm Suav ntxias los qhia ceramics - tsuas yog cov txheeb ze, tab sis tsis ncaj. Mus saib qhov no, nws suffices nco qab qhov yooj yim zog ntawm iav, sawv ntawm lub kev cob qhia ntawm lub Middle Kingdom. Cov ntaub ntawv yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam: ob tam sim no thiab thaum ub iav yuav ua tau glazed los yog "natural." Tab sis qhov yooj yim tais diav ntim chaws yog npaum li cas softer. Thiab high-zoo kev pab cuam tsis tau ua los ntawm nws.

Yog vim li cas yog no mas?

Tej thaj chaw ntawm iav, raws li lub zog thiab thermal stability, - tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub siab kub uas tus hais plaub ntug los xij qhov tseeb ntawm Suav ceramics. Nws yog ua nyob rau ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 2650 degrees Fahrenheit (1454 degrees Celsius). Piv no rau 2200 degrees Fahrenheit (1204 degrees Celsius) rau ib tug yooj yim iav. Txij li thaum lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ib tug tsis tshua muaj zoo, nws yuav tsis siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj kev lag luam thiab lwm yam ceg ntawm science tech. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib yam uas zoo tshaj plaws suav iav yog pob tshab mus rau lub teeb. Ntxhib ceramics xws li ib cov nyhuv yuav tsis muab.

tub soj xyuas

"Hard-muab tshuaj txhuam" los yog qhov muaj tseeb tiag iav xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum lub sij hawm Tang Dynasty (618-907.). Tab sis lub siab tiag-cov khoom uas zoo nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog yog tsis inferior rau niaj hnub, los ua lub npe hu mus rau lub ntiaj teb no kom txog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 gg.). Early Suav iav yog kaolin (Tuam Tshoj av nplaum) thiab pegmatite - ntxhib hom ntawm granite.

Nws yog tsis paub hais tias mus nyob sab Europe potters yuav pib importing Suav cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Europeans tau sim theej tawm cov khoom ntawm iav, tab sis ho tsis ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv no ua lag ua luam. Raws li rau kev tsom xam nws cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees, lawv twb tsis tau, cov khoom manufactured los ntawm lawv, reminiscent ntawm lub graceful, ilv thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug khoom tais tsos xwb. Nws muab tawm thiaj li thiaj li. Yog xav tau qhov tseeb daim card los ntawm iav ntau lawm, unfolded tiag tiag neeg soj xyuas tsov ua rog, tab sis Suav hav zoov lub neej hlub ib tug pub leejtwg paub.

Yog vim li cas qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog thiaj nrov? Yog vim li cas - qhov zoo heev lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub iav. Nws yog tus muaj zog tshaj ib tug pa ceramics siab thermal conductivity uas tso cai rau brew hwj kais therefrom zoo kawg li tshuaj yej. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim lub glaze iav nws muaj ib tug heev me me ntub, dawb lias nrog xwb nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov khoom cua pigments. Khob ntawm lub ancient Suav kev pab cuam tom qab centuries khaws cov whiteness.

ersatz

Tom qab nws lub khob nrog tin oxide, kom tau ib tug opaque khoom, European artisans tau npaj mus ua ke lub av nplaum thiab Frosted iav. Cov cawm tau ua lub npe hu ua "mos mos muab tshuaj txhuam" los dag iav. Tab sis lawv provoked ob kaj siab lus muaj tseeb: tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv twb dhau lawm mos, tawm ntawm uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua zoo, me khoom, thiab yog tus nqi twb dhau heev lawm. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub thaj chaw ntawm iav "ersatz-hom" heev deb ntawm zoo meej.

Muaj pov thawj hais tias peb cov masters kuj mastered rau lub kos duab ntawm yeej muaj tseeb iav ntau lawm, tab sis tag nrho cov secrets ntawm Lavxias teb sab ceramics tau ploj mus lawm thaum lub sij hawm Mongol-Tatar ntxeem tau, thaum tag nrho txoj twb burnt ua ke nrog tag nrho lawv cov inhabitants. Tej yam txhob yuav kuj tau mus txog rau British. Lawv tsim ib tug "cov pob txha" zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas.

Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov pob txha Tuam Tshoj, lub yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm uas tau coj nws nco tej chaw rau cov laus cov teb chaws Europe?

Keeb kwm ntawm creation

Nyob rau hauv 1707, ob Germans npe Ehrenfried Walther von Chimhaus thiab Yohan Fridrih Bottger qhib ntau "tsis meej pem" hom kev ntau lawm, uas siv av nplaum thiab finely av Feldspar. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII cov lus Askiv craftsmen kawm los ntawm kws hais tias yuav luag zoo tib yam suav iav yuav tau los ntawm kev ntxiv mus rau lub sib tov ntawm finely as overheated pob txha.

Thiab ces nws muab tawm hais tias cov lus Askiv version ua nws tau mus ua pob tshab ceramics ntawm tsawg kub, uas muaj nuj nqis txo tus nqi lawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub iav los ntawm Albion tiv thaiv heev npaum li cas, yog ho muaj zog. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsis li ntawd, British sai pomzoo lawv poob lawm ib nrab laus, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov ntiaj teb tshiab.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub thaj chaw ntawm cov pob txha Tuam Tshoj? Firstly, cov khoom ntawd muaj siab zog nrog tsawg nyhav thiab nyias-walled. Ob, qhov no zoo ntawm ceramics yuav siv tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam raws li tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, yuav hnov mob nrog acids thiab alkalis.

raw cov ntaub ntawv

Raws li peb tau hais tias, lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm cov khoom no yog cov tsis tshua yooj yim no: av nplaum, Feldspar, minerals uas muaj calcium. Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, ntau yam tuam txhab uas muag sib tw nrog txhua lwm yam, raws li nws twb sai sai tsim hais tias cov khoom ntawm iav thiab tais diav ntim chaws yuav dramatically zoo tuaj los ntawm kev ntxiv tshiab ntsiab nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, yog hais tias tus xyaum ua tej yam qhia tias muaj kev vam meej.

Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txais av ya txawv nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw ntawm ntau lawm, tseem nws yog hloov mus rau hauv iav (li tau raws li ib tug zaum kawg khoom smoothness) tsuas yog nyob rau tsis tshua muaj high kub. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb tsuas yog rau cov mob uas lub av nplaum yog tsis tov nrog cov ntaub ntawv, rau lub chaw pib hauv qab no uas cov vitrification. Tsis zoo li lub khob, av nplaum, txawm li cas los, yog thermally ruaj khov, piv txwv li yuav nws zoo txawm nyob rau hauv muaj zog cua sov.

Yog li no cov khoom no yog tiag tiag nws vim nws coj tau ua ke ib tug tsawg porosity iav stability thiab txheeb ze zog ntawm cov yooj yim tais diav ntim chaws. Lub ntsiab yam ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv siv tau nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm Kaolin, hydroaluminosilicates. Feldspar (muaj txhuas silicate) thiab ib tug tej zeb ntais, quartz khoom hom, yog cov tsis tshua tseem ceeb Cheebtsam ntawm txhua yam uas iav. Lawv melted thaum lub sij hawm ua cua sov tying cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv ib daim.

Quartz - "lub plawv" ntawm iav

Qhov no yog ib tug guarantee ntawm kev ruaj ntseg. Properties iav (thiab nws siv) yog kev lom zem ntau vim rau qhov cov kev yam ntxwv: nws phem yeej (thaum piv rau iav), thiab me me mus ntawm tus hais qhia rau huab cua impermeable khoom, dej thiab lwm yam sib txuas.

Quartz yog ib tug "fusion" ntawm pob zeb ntais thiab cov pa - ob feem ntau lub caij nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Nws muaj peb haumxeeb cov ntaub ntawv: ncaj qha quartz (crystal), opal (amorphous hom) thiab xuab zeb (mixed, qias neeg feem). Nyob rau hauv kev, quartz tau ntev tau siv nyob rau hauv crafts. Iav yuav tau comprise alumina, steatite, zoo dua lub npe hu ua "soapstone".

tsim txoj kev

Tom qab lub raw khoom yog xaiv thiab tiv kev txom nyem, nws mus txog rau ntau lawm. Firstly, nws yog ntxuav thiab milled rau ib tug heev nplua fractions. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov Cheebtsam yog tov nrog rau cov kev kawm kev faib ua feem, nyob ntawm seb ob lub ntau lawm tej yam kev mob thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub kawg khoom. Thaum kawg tsim, lawv yuav tsum tau xa mus rau hauv lub qhov cub tam sim ntawd, los yog raug rau yam ua ntej purification thiab ntxiv cov tshuaj tsuag glaze txheej.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv nws lub luag hauj lwm ua thawj ua floured iav. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab uas lub neej yav tom ntej vases, khob, bowls, thiab kev kho hniav crowns mus rau lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub cub tawg. Thiab tam sim no saib txhua kauj ruam zuj zus. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv kawm tau zoo nyob rau lub thaj chaw ntawm iav thiab nws daim ntawv thov!

raw khoom sib tsoo

Tej zaum qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias ntawm lub thoroughness ntawm nws siv nyob rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom muag kawg. Crushing yog ua los ntawm cov loj loj txhua yam nruas crushers. On thib ob pass, particle loj yog tom kom 0.25 cm. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav hloov lub feedstock rau hauv ib tug zoo hmoov av, siv tshwj xeeb, pob mills. Qhov no loj loj steel thooj voos kheej kheej uas muaj cov hlau npas. Thaum tag nrho cov qauv rotates, lub raw khoom hais yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib lub homogeneous loj heev finely av.

Ntxuav thiab blending

Cov sib tov twb dhau los ntawm fine cov ntxaij lim dej, thiab yog ces noj mus rau ib tug tshwj xeeb "conveyor", uas yog obliquely txheej txheem steel los xij. Lawv co, ua rau cov raw khoom yog mixed tsis tau tsuas yog txiav, tab sis kuj txheeb li qhov loj tshaj plaws hais raug thawb upward. Yog hais tias koj xav mus pub rau cov wetted khoom yog nyob rau hauv kab nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis siv yam tsuag dej.

Tej zaum siv cov ntxaij lim dej nrog haib hlau nplaum, raws li tus tom kawg ua rau nws tau kom tshem tawm cov tsawg tshaj plaws impurities ntawm hlau. Xeem, Yog hais tias koj poob mus rau hauv tas cov khoom, qhia rau nws hauv pliaj liab ntxoov ntxoo. Lub tiav lawm khoom xa tuaj mus rau hauv lub cub tawg, qhov muaj yog firing ntawm peb twb qhia kub.

Uas los ntawm tus mob ntawm ntau lawm tej zaum yuav yog nyob ntawm seb lub zog ntawm cov khoom?

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias thaum lub sij hawm kawg firing yuav siv sij hawm muab ib tug plurality dab, uas yog ncaj qha nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm no iav. Firstly, tag nrho cov carbon hlawv organic impurities qhuav tshaj cov dej los ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej yam khoom tawm ntau gaseous feem. Yog hais tias qhov kub thiab txias yog coj mus 1100 degrees centigrade, lub pob zeb ntais thiab lwm yam glaze Cheebtsam yuav tsis yaj, thiab chaw pib tsis tsim nyob rau hauv tej hub nto du thiab sib nruab nrab txheej.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov tebchaw yuav tsum tau mus txo cov kev ncua deb ntawm tus hais ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau ib tug ruaj ntseg kev twb kev txuas nrog txhua lwm yam. Thaum cov kev kawm ceev yog mus txog, cov khoom yog txias, ua frosting "ntawv cog lus" yuav tus thiab mas check.

tau

Yog li ntawd yog vim li cas peb tau piav tag nrho cov ntawm no? Qhov no yog hais tias cov khoom ntawm cov khoom no yog zoo li zoo nyob rau tus yam ntxwv thiab tej yam kev mob ntawm nws lawm. Piv txwv li, lub zog yog nyob ntawm qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv hnyav ntawm Feldspar, thiab Tuam Tshoj xov tooj ntawm pores nyob rau hauv lub tsawg tshaj li spar ntau. Raws li xaus ntawm quartz iav thiab cov residue tau los ntawm decomposition ntawm av nplaum tshuaj, iav khoom cev pob txha yuav weaker, thiab lim qab. Nyob rau hauv lub quartz fineness, luj ntawm lub muaj pes tsawg leeg, kub thiab ntev ntawm firing, nyob rau hauv lub vitreous theem muaj xws li los ntawm 15 mus rau 40% ntawm tag nrho cov loj nkag tau rau hauv lub quartz. Yuav ua li cas nws yog, lub thinner iav thiab "huab cua".

Thaj chaw ntawm tej hub ntaub ntawv xws li dielectrics yus mas zaj kuj ntawm lub fais tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas thiab nyob rau hauv insulator nto. Paub qhov txawv ib qho ntim thiab nto resistivity ntawm iav.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ntawm kuj zoo kawg tswv yim tseem ceeb cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub iav. Ntau precisely, cov tsis muaj thereof. Glazed tej hub nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm loj nyiaj ntawm Feldspar thiab quartz yog sib nruab nrab. Koj xav tias yog vim li cas mortar pharmacists thiab chemists ua los ntawm cov khoom no? Nws muaj zog tshaj lub khob, tab sis ho tsis hnov mob.

Tam sim no raws li txoj cai

Niaj hnub no, ceramics (iav thiab nyob rau hauv particular) yog muaj ib tug rebirth. Nws nyob ntawd cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav siv nyob rau hauv microelectronics raug ntau hom. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no yog tsis tsim nyog los piav qhia txog rau niaj hnub kev vam meej. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm kuj pom hais tias los ntawm kev ntxiv tej yam additives iav zog tsub kom exponentially. Tam sim no raws li nram no, txawm advanced kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm creation rau nws cov hauv paus ntawm tshiab hom ntawm tej cuab yeej. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsis niaj hnub chaw!

Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov tseem ceeb uas cov ntaub ntawv uas tau txais mus rau hauv lub tshuaj. Ntau prostheses thiab zoo kawg li crowns - thov rau lawv yog ua txhua txhua xyoo. Yog li ntawd hais tias lub ancient Suav invention yuav ua tau ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm nyob twj ywm yam.