Uas hais sab los ntawm cov Rutherford? Previous kev kawm txawj thiab Circuit Court Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - ib tug ci ntsa iab tus paub txog uas tau los ua ib co zoo kawg thiab tiag discoveries nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS thiab physics. Yuav ua li cas ib qho zoo muab physics rau ib tug tshiab txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob? Uas hais sab los ntawm cov Rutherford? Paub meej ntawm lub biography thiab scientific kev ua ntawm tus neeg tshawb fawb pom tom qab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Thaum pib ntawm lub neej txoj kev taug kev mus

Rutherford biography pib nrog lub zos me me ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav Grove nyob rau hauv New Zealand. Muaj nyob rau hauv 1871 nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb thiab cov birthplace ntawm physicist thiab paub txog. Nws txiv, ib tug Scot los ntawm kev yug me nyuam, yog ib tug tswv ntawm cov ntoo thiab tau nws tus kheej lub tuam txhab. Rutherford tau los ntawm nws pab tau rau tom ntej kev tsim kho ua hauj lwm kev txawj ntse.

Tus thawj successes twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas rau lub zoo heev kev kawm nws tau txais ib daim scholarship mus kawm college. Ernest Rutherford thawj kawm ntawv qib siab, Nelson, ces mus rau Canterbury. Muaj ib qho zoo heev nco thiab ci ntsa iab kev txawj ntse, nws yog markedly txawv los ntawm lwm cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Rutherford tau txais qhov puav pheej nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, sau nws thawj thawj scientific daim ntawv nyob rau physics ntawm "magnetised hlau thaum muaj kev kub ibyam." Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev ua hauj lwm, nws invented ib yam ntawm cov thawj pab kiag li lawm rau tebchaws magnetic tsis.

Nyob rau hauv 1895, physicist, chemist, Rutherford cav nrog Maclaurin rau muaj nyiaj pab kawm ntawv hu ua tom qab lub ntiaj teb tso rau neeg pom. By coincidence, tus nrog sib ntaus tsis kam cov puav pheej, thiab Rutherford muab ib tug zoo lub caij nyoog los yeej muaj cov scientific ntiaj teb no. Nws tau mus rau ces nyob rau hauv Kavendishevskuyu lab thiab tau txais ib tug PhD nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Dzhozefa Tomsona.

Kev ua hauj lwm thiab achievements

Mus txog nyob rau hauv ces, tus menyuam kawm ntawv NW nyuam qhuav ploj lawm tso nyiaj pab kawm ntawv. Nws pib mus khwv tau ib tug pab qhia. Kev thawj coj ntawm Rutherford ib zaug hais tias nws kuj zoo kawg tej zaum, thiab tsis muaj yuam kev. Thomson physics kev tshawb pom tias cov tub ntxhais roj ionization los ntawm X-rays. Txawm li cas los, zaum tau nrhiav tau hais tias thaum zoo li no tshwm sim rau tam sim no saturation phenomenon.

Tom qab ntse ua hauj lwm nrog Thomson, nws delves rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Becquerel rays, uas tom qab Marie Curie hu tej. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nws ua nws thawj tseem ceeb foundations qhia lub hav zoov ntawm yav tas los tsis paub hais tias hais, kawm cov khoom uas uranium thiab thorium.

Tom qab ntawd nws tau los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Montreal. Nrog rau Frederikom Soddi ib tus paub txog txo nws hwj rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim ntawm transforming lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lwj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Rutherford sau scientific ntaub ntawv "Radioactivity" thiab "tej transformations" uas coj nws lub koob meej. Nws ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Society, nws twb muab tsub ib tug title ntawm nom tswv cajceg.

Thaum lub sij hawm kawm cov kev lwj ntawm tej ntsiab nyob rau hauv 1908, Ernest Rutherford twb muab tsub lub Nobel nqi zog. Kev qhib emanation thorium faux caij transmutation los ntawm irradiating nitrogen nuclei sau peb tagnrho tej hauj lwm. Ib qho ntawm nws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua tau yog cov creation ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm cov atomic nucleus.

Uas hais sab los ntawm cov Rutherford?

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm radioactivity, Rutherford yog tsis yog thawj zaug. Ua ntej nws, cov cheeb tsam no yog muaj kev koom mastered physicist Becquerel thiab cov Curies. Ces tus phenomenon ntawm radioactivity sab nyuam qhuav xwb, thiab lub zog twb xam tau tias yog ib tug sab nraud qhov chaw. Ua tib zoo kawm uranium ntsev, thiab lawv lub zog, Rutherford pom tias cov rays sab los ntawm cov Becquerel yog ua kev.

Rutherford ntawv ci xyaum ua tej yam pom tias cov neeg ray yog muab faib ua ob peb particle flows. Ib tug kwj yog tau nqus cov txhuas ntawv ci, lwm tus neeg yuav kis tau los ntawm nws. Txhua yam ntawm lawv - ib tug plurality ntawm me me ntsiab hu ua tus kawm alpha thiab beta hais los yog rays. Ob xyoos tom qab, tus Frenchman Villard sab ib feem peb hom rays tias tom qab cov piv txwv ntawm Rutherford hu ua gamma rays.

Uas hais sab los ntawm cov Rutherford, muaj ib tug enormous cawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nuclear physics. Nws kov yeej thiab muaj pov thawj hais tias lub zog los ntawm lub heev uranium atoms yog tau. Alpha hais tseg raws li zoo them Helium atoms, beta hais yog electrons. Qhib tom qab gamma hais - yog electromagnetic tawg.

tej lwj

Rutherford lub foundations muab sawv tsis tau tsuas yog rau lub cev science, tab sis kuj rau nws tus kheej. Nws tseem kawm radioactivity ntawm lub University of Montreal nyob rau hauv Canada. Thaum lub chemist Soddy lawv ua ib tug series ntawm thwmsim los ntawm txoj kev uas nco ntsoov tias atom hloov lub sij hawm lub emission ntawm nws hais.

Zoo li medieval alchemists, zaum hloov lub uranium rau hauv cov hlau lead, ua tom ntej no txhob. Yog li ntawd nws tau raug nrhiav tau cov neeg lwj. Law raws li uas muaj hniav lwj, Rezerfor thiab Soddy piav nyob rau hauv cov writings ntawm "tej transformations" thiab "Ib tug sib piv kev tshawb ntawm cov radioactivity ntawm radium thiab thorium."

Soj ntsuam seb puas muaj tus nyob tos ntawm cov hniav lwj tus nqi ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm tej atoms nyob rau hauv tus qauv, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm elapsed. Nws tau muab sau tias thaum lub sij hawm lwj ua si txo exponentially. Rau txhua yam khoom uas, lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau. Raws li tus nqi ntawm lwj Rutherford muaj peev xwm npaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib nrab-lub neej.

Lub planetary qauv ntawm lub atom

Thaum pib ntawm lub XX xyoo pua nws tau ua ntau yam thwmsim kawm qhov xwm ntawm atoms thiab radioactivity. Rutherford thiab Villars qhib alpha, beta thiab gamma rays, thiab Dzhozef Tomson, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav qhib ib lub electron. Nws ntsuas saib tus piv ntawm them nyiaj rau loj ntawm lub electron, thiab pom zoo hais tias lub particle yog ib feem atom.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws qhib Thomson tsim ib tug qauv ntawm cov atom. Tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg hais tias lub caij nyoog kawg no muaj ib tug kheej kheej zoo, tag nrho saum npoo ntawm ib tug ntau zoo them hais. Hauv lub pob yog tsis zoo them electrons.

Ib tug ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, Rutherford refutes cov kev tshawb xav ntawm nws tus kws qhia. Nws cav hais tias cov atom muaj ib tug nucleus, uas yog zoo them. Thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws zoo ib yam li ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub, electrons tig nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Coulomb rog.

Tsav kev Rutherford

Rutherford yog ib tug zoo heev experimenter. Yog li ntawd, nug lub Thomson qauv, nws txiav txim siab los tsis pom zoo nws empirically. Thomson atom yuav tsum zoo li ib tug kheej kheej huab ntawm electrons. Ces alpha hais yuav tsum dhau dawb do los ntawm cov ntawv ci.

Rau cov xyaum ua tej yam, Rutherford tsim ib tug ntaus ntawv ntawm ib tug ua lub thawv nrog ib tug me me qhov nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug neeg cov ntaub ntawv. Box absorbs alpha hais nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia, tsuas yog qhov twg hauv lub qhov yog. Yog li tsim directional particle txaus. Tom ntej ob peb lead ntxaij vab tshaus uas qhib rau tshau tawm tus hais uas thim ntawm lub predetermined kawg.

Kom meej meej teem alpha ray uas tau dhau los ntawm tag nrho cov obstacles, mus rau ib tug heev nyias daim ntawv ntawm kub ci. Qab nws yog ib tug phosphor screen. Txhua hu ntawm tus hais rau nws sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov flash. Yog li ntawd nws yog tau mus txiav txim rau qhov hloov tus nqi ntawm tus hais tom qab dhau los ntawm tus ntawv ci.

Kuj ceeb tias heev Rutherford, ntau hais yog deflected ntawm loj ces kaum, ib txhia txawm 180 degrees. Qhov no enabled tus paub txog rau xav hais tias cov thawj atomic luj ntawm cov khoom muaj teeb meem nyob rau ntawd uas yog tom qab lub npe hu ua lub noob pob kws.

Tsav kev ntawm Rutherford:

qauv thuam

Rutherford lub nuclear qauv chiv criticized, vim hais tias incompatible nrog rau cov cai ntawm classical electrodynamics. Spinning, electrons yuav tsum txuag zog thiab emit electromagnetic vuag, tab sis qhov no tsis tshwm sim, thiab ua li no lawv yog cov nyob rau so. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub electrons yuav tsum poob rau cov tub ntxhais, thiab tsis tig ib ncig ntawm nws.

Yuav kom to taub qhov no tshwm sim poob rau Niels Bohr. Nws hais tias txhua electron muaj nws tus kheej orbit. Thaum lub electron rau nws, nws tsis radiate zog, tab sis tau ceev. Kev nkag tau lub tswvyim ntawm quanta - feem ntawm lub zog uas yog tso tawm thaum lub electrons yog pauv mus rau lwm cov orbit.

Yog li, Niels Bohr yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm ib tug tshiab ceg ntawm science - quantum physics. Lub correctness ntawm Rutherford tus qauv tau muaj pov thawj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem thiab nws cov lus tsa suab tau hloov kiag li. Ib tug qauv yog tej zaum raug xa mus rau raws li lub boron atom-Rutherford.

Nthuav lus tseeb hais txog tus paub txog

Nobel nqi zog Ernest Rutherford tau ua ntej ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kev kawm tau ntawm nws lub neej - sab hauv lub atomic nucleus thiab tsim lub planetary qauv ntawm lub atom.

Rutherford zoo kawg li foundations coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab ceg uas kawm cov qauv ntawm cov atomic nucleus. Nws twb hu ua lub nuclear los yog nuclear physics.

Lub physicist muaj tsis tau tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj qhia txuj ci. Kaum Ob tug ntawm nws cov tub kawm yog cov yeej nyob rau hauv physics thiab Science News for KIDS Nobel nqi zog. Ntawm lawv, Frederick Soddy, Genri Mozli, Otto Hahn, thiab lwm yam zoo-paub personalities.

Academic feem ntau ntaus nqi mus rau lub foundations ntawm nitrogen uas yog erroneous. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no nto moo Rutherford txawv heev. Gas qhib ib botanist thiab chemist Daniel Rutherford, uas nyob ib xyoo pua ua ntej lub eminent physicist.

xaus

British paub txog Ernest Rutherford ua nto moo nrog nws lug txhawb cov miv propensity rau experimentation. Tshaj ib lub neej, ib tus paub txog tau siv ib tug ntau ntawm kev los ntawm kev uas nws muaj peev xwm los qhib lub alpha thiab beta hais, los formulate cov kev cai lij choj ntawm lwj thiab ib nrab-lub neej, tsim ib planetary qauv ntawm lub atom. Ua ntej nws, nws twb ntseeg tau tias lub zog qhov twg los yog lwm. Tab sis tom qab scientific ntiaj teb no kawm dab tsi hais sab los ntawm cov Rutherford, physicists hloov lawv lub siab. Achievements paub txog pab ua tau zoo kawg strides nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics thiab Science News for KIDS, raws li zoo raws li pab mus rau rov tshwm sim ntawm tej lag luam raws li nuclear physics.