Tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg. Hom cog cov ntaub so ntswg

Hais plaub ntug, piav txog tus tsiaj thiab cog ntaub so ntswg, muaj nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. Tus thawj botanical-anatomists - loj hlob thiab Malpighi - nais maum kuaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv, thiab nkag tau tswv yim xws li prosenchyma thiab parenchyma. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov lug muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv biology. Fabrics cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, paub tab, lub hauv paus chiv keeb. Tom ntej no, xav txog lub hauv paus nta ntawm cov lug. Cov tsab xov xwm yog ib lub rooj ntawm tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv nws koj yuav saib tau lub ntsiab pawg ntawm lug, lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab cov paub tab.

Biology: ntaub. kev faib

Scheme sib cais lug nyob rau hauv raws li cov physiological hom phiaj tau tsim thiab Simon Schwendener Gaberlandtom lub lem XIX-XX centuries. Tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg yog pab pawg ntawm cov hlwb muaj tib lub hauv paus chiv keeb, homogeneous muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab khiav hauj lwm rau ib tug hluas ua hauj lwm. Ib suam ntawm lug yog nqa tawm raws li nyias kev. Piv txwv li, xa mus rau cov nroj tsuag ntaub so ntswg:

• Ntsiab.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (kev kawm).
• Txheej.
• Excretory.
• Neeg kho tshuab.

Yog hais tias cov nroj tsuag cov ntaub so ntswg ua los ntawm lub hlwb muaj ntau dua los yog tsawg tus tib qauv thiab paub tab, lawv hu ua yooj yim. Yog hais tias cov khoom tsis yog tib yam, ces tag nrho cov system yog hu ua ib tug complex los yog tham. Hom cog cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv ib qeb faib, nyob rau hauv lem, mus rau lub pab pawg neeg. Piv txwv li, cov kev kawm cov qauv muaj xws li:

• Apical.
• Sab - theem nrab (phellogen, cambium) thiab thawj (pericycle, procambium).
• Nqaij Ntuag.
• Intercalary.

Hom thawj hom tsob nroj cov ntaub so ntswg muaj xws li cov stocking thiab assimilation parenchyma. Conductive lug xam tau tias yog phloem (bast) thiab xylem (ntoo).

Coverslips (borderline) nroj ntaub so ntswg:

• Sab nrauv: theem nrab (periderm), thawj (epidermis), tertiary (ritidom los yog tawv); VELAM, rizoderma.
• Internal: exogenous thiab endoderm, parietal hlwb ntawm lub kev bundles ntawm nplooj.

Neeg kho tshuab qauv (cev pob txha, siv) raug muab faib ua sclerenchyma (sklereidy fibers), collenchyma. Thiab lub xeem pab pawg neeg yog cov excretory (secretory) ntawm tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg.

Educational lug: tsim

Cov cog cov ntaub so ntswg (meristem) yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tub ntxhais lossi, nquag faib hlwb. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam kabmob. Piv txwv li, lawv tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub saum ntawm cov stems, cov hauv paus hniav tswv yim, thiab lwm qhov chaw. Vim hauv lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag nqaij mos ntawm tes kab lis kev cai yog ib tug tas mus txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim qhov ntsiab thiab kabmob.

nta meristem

Nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm cov kev kawm rau tsob nroj nqaij mos ntawm tes nrhiav nws tej zaum yuav apical (apical), sab (sab) gusset (intercalary) mob. lug yog tseem muab faib ua theem nrab thiab thawj. Cov yav tas muaj xws li apical hom tsob nroj cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov lug yog txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ntev. Nyob rau hauv ntau dua sab koom nroj tsuag (ferns, horsetails) apical meristem txawv weakly qhia. Lawv nyob nrog tsuas yog ib qho pib, los yog thawj cell. Nyob rau hauv angiosperms thiab gymnosperms apical meristem qhia zoo heev. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm thawj zaug hlwb, uas tsim txoj kev loj hlob cones. Lateral lug mas feem ntau yog theem nrab. Ua tsaug rau lawv yog nqa loj hlob keeb kwm, stems (axial lub cev nyob rau hauv general) nyob rau hauv thickness. Sab views ntawm cov nroj tsuag cov ntaub so ntswg - nws phellogen thiab cambium. Los ntawm cov kev ua ub ntawm cov thawj yog cov tsim ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab stems ntawm cork. Yuav kom qhov no pab pawg neeg yuav ntaub airing - lenticels. Lateral meristem li cambium, phloem ntsiab yog tsim thiab structural ntoo. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm kev phiv nyob nroj tsuag yog slowing down los sis tag cessation ntawm kev ua si ntawm lub cambium. Intercalary meristems, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog thawj. Lawv yog muab raws li cais feem nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm active kev loj hlob: nyob puag petiole thiab internode nyom nplooj, piv txwv li.

tectum

Tso cai cog cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog los tiv thaiv cov kab lis kev cai los ntawm cov kev phiv los ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Tsis zoo influences, nyob rau hauv particular, yuav tsum muab xav ntau ntau evaporation, solar overheating, kom qhuav cua, neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj, ingress ntawm cov kab mob thiab pathogenic fungi. Muaj thawj thiab investing cov ntaub so ntswg. Tus thawj qeb muaj xws li rhizodermis thiab tev (epidermis). Cov theem nrab txheej fabrics ntseeg phelloderm, cork cambium, cork.

Nta ntawm lug

Daim tawv nqaij them nrog tag nrho cov kabmob ntawm annuals, perennial tsob ntoo cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no loj hlob rau lub caij - ntsuab tua, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov nroj tsuag - herbaceous aerial qhov chaw. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv particular, yog cov nplooj, paj, stems.

Tus qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntaub so ntswg: epidermis

Nws qauv feem ntau muaj xws li ib tug txheej ntawm kaw yam ntxwv hais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub intercellular qhov chaw yog uas ploj lawm. Lub epidermis yog muab tshem tawm yooj yim heev thiab yog ib tug pob tshab nyias zaj duab xis. Qhov no nyob ntaub so ntswg, muaj ib tug protoplast txheej yog gradual nrog cov tub ntxhais thiab leucoplasts, ib tug loj vacuole. Cov yav tas yuav siv sij hawm li yuav luag tag nrho ntawm tes. Cov txheej phab ntsa ntawm lub yam ntxwv ntsiab ntawm ib nyeem tas epidermis thiab lub puab thiab sab - nyias. Cov yav tas muaj pores. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub epidermis yog cov kev cai ntawm transpiration thiab nkev pauv. Nws yog nqa tawm kev lom zem ntau los ntawm lub stomata. Inorganic tebchaw thiab dej txeem lub pores. Txawv cog hlwb ntawm lub epidermis yog cov sib txawv ntau thiab tsawg pab thiab nrhiav. Muaj ntau monocots yog yam ntxwv hais, elongated nyob rau hauv ntev. Feem ntau cov dicotyledonous nroj tsuag muaj sinuous sidewalls. Qhov no yuav tsub tus ceev ntawm lawv cov kev twb kev txuas nrog txhua lwm yam. Qauv ntawm tus epidermis nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab ntawm daim ntawv no sib txawv. Poob ntau stomata tshaj rau sab saum toj. Nyob rau hauv dej nroj tsuag nrog nplooj floating rau ntawm qhov chaw (dej Lily, qe tsiav tshuaj), nws muaj nws tus kheej peculiarities. Lawv muaj stomata yog tam sim no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub qaum kev ib lub phaj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, siab raus rau hauv dej, txoj kev cov ntaub ntawv no tsis muaj.

stomata

Qhov no mas tshwj xeeb tsim nyob rau hauv lub epidermis. Stomata muaj 2 slots thiab khwb hlwb - tsim therebetween. Lub Khoos Loos Tsev ntsiab muaj ib tug crescent zoo. Lawv tswj qhov loj ntawm lub qhov zoo li tsim. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, tej zaum yuav raug kaw thiab qhib nyob rau hauv raws li cov turgor siab nyob rau hauv lub locking ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov cua thiab lwm yam. Thaum lub sij hawm lub hnub lub stomatal hlwb yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv photosynthesis. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, turgor siab yog siab, thiab tsim ntawm ib tug txoj kab txiav qhib. Thaum hmo ntuj nws yog, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, yog kaw. Qhov no tshwm sim yog tseem pom nyob rau hauv qhuav lub caij, thiab cov wilting ntawm nplooj. Nws yog vim lub peev xwm los cia rau hauv cov stomata dej.

Core lug

Parenchyma occupies feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub lwm yam tas mus li ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv lub kav, keeb kwm thiab lwm yam tsob nroj kabmob. Basic qauv mas muaj li ntawm nyob hlwb muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov duab. Lub hlwb yuav tshwm sim, nyias-walled, tab sis tej zaum kuj pom thiab nyeem tas, lignified, nrog yooj yim pores postennoy cytoplasm. Ntawm parenchyma muaj li ntawm nplooj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo sis plawv hniav, cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub rhizomes thiab stems, lawv tawv ntoo. Muaj ntau ntau pab pawg ntawm cov no cov ntaub so ntswg. Yog li, ntawm lub ntsiab lug txawv: pneumatic, aquifer, khw thiab assimilation. Lub zog ntawm tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv pawg no muaj xws li cia kev noj haus tebchaw.

chlorophyll parenchyma

Hlorenhima - assimilation cov ntaub so ntswg - qauv nyob rau hauv uas photosynthesis yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw. Nws hais yog distinguished los ntawm nyias phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv lawv muaj ib lub nucleus thiab cov chloroplasts. Cov yav tas, zoo li lub cytoplasm, nyob postenno. Hlorenhima yog nyob ncaj qha nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij. Feem ntau nws yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais ntsuab tua thiab nplooj.

Aerenchyma

Pneumatic ntaub yog ib tug qauv uas txaus tsim intercellular qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ntau yam kabmob. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm marshy, dej thiab ntug hiav dej haiv neeg uas nws cov hauv paus hniav yog nyob rau hauv cov pa-pluag av nkos. Cov huab cua nce mus txog rau sab lub cev los ntawm txoj kev hloov mus rau lwm lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov intercellular tej qhov chaw thiab cov cua nqa los ntawm lub peculiar pnevmatod. Aerenchyma vim kev faib ua feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog txo. Qhov no, thaj, piav txog cov kev muaj peev xwm ntawm aquaculture kom muaj ib tug upright txoj hauj lwm, thiab cov nplooj - mus yuav rau ntawm qhov chaw.

tsawg kawg kiag

Qhov no ntaub yuav ya nyob rau hauv lub stems thiab nplooj ntawm succulent nroj tsuag thiab qoob loo nyob rau hauv saline chaw. Cov yav tas los, piv txwv li, xws li cacti, Jade, agave thiab paam dlev lwm yam. Rau qhov thib ob - tamarisk, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, thiab lwm tus neeg. Zoo tsim no cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv sphagnum ntxhuab.

rau Tshuag qauv

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, hauv tej kis nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai pib nteg cov kev pauv ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv particular, cov rog, carbohydrates, thiab lwm tus neeg. Hlwb nyob rau hauv cia ntaub so ntswg, feem ntau nyias-walled. Qauv lug sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub nyeem tas cov hauv paus hniav, qhov muag, tubers, stems tub ntxhais, xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv kab, endosperm, thiab lwm qhov chaw.

tshuab npog

Cov yuav txhawb tau cov nqaij ua raws li ib yam ntawm qhov cuab lub zog los yog "stereoma" (los ntawm cov Greek. "Khoom", "check"). Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los xyuas kom meej tus kuj lug dynamic thiab zoo li qub loads. Raws li, qhov fabrics muaj ib tug meej qauv. Nyob rau hauv terrestrial cov qoob loo lawv yog ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv lub axial seem ntawm lub tua - kav. Lub hlwb yuav tsum txheej txheem peripherally cais chaw los yog khoom lub tog raj kheej.

collenchyma

Nws yog ib tug yooj yim thawj pab txhawb nqa ntaub nrog ib tug nyob ntawm tes cov ntsiab lus: cytoplasm, nucleus, tej zaum chloroplasts. Muaj peb pawg collenchyma: xoob, phaj thiab lub. Qhov no kev faib yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv raws li qhov xwm ntawm tus thooj hlwb. Yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum, cov angled qauv, yog tias thaum uas tig mus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qia thiab niaj hnub txaus, nws collenchyma phaj. Nws tsim nyob rau qhov yooj yim ntaub ntawm lub meristem thiab yog nyob rau hauv lub epidermis ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ib tug los yog ntau tshaj khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm nws.

sclerenchyma

Qhov no cov neeg kho tshuab cov ntaub so ntswg yog hais tias yuav haum ntau. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv hais nrog lignified thiab nyeem tas uniformly slotted phab ntsa thiab qhov hws nyob rau hauv ib tug me me npaum li cas. Sclerenchyma hlwb nyob rau hauv lub ntev twv tawm, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm prozenhimnaya zoo nrog taw xaus.

Lub conductive lug

Cov ntaub muab tsheb thauj mus los as tebchaw. Nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ob cov lus qhia. Transpiration (hauv qab) tam sim no thiab aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm ntsev yog tracheids thiab cov hlab ntsha los ntawm cov keeb kwm mus rau lub nplooj nrog tus kav. Assimilation (downward) tsab ntawv tsa suab tawm los ntawm cov sab sauv qhov chaw mus rau lub underground los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb phloem sab cib hlab. Conductive ntaub yuav nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev muab piv rau lub circulatory system ntawm cov neeg, vim hais tias nws muaj ib tug radial thiab axial network. As-ham txeem rau hauv txhua txhua cell hauv lub cev.

secretory fibers

Secretory cov ntaub so ntswg - kev kawm tshwj xeeb, muaj lub peev xwm mus rau ntsiab los yog cais tawm ib tug kua droplet ib puag ncig thiab cov khoom ntawm metabolism. Xeem lub npe secrets. Yog hais tias lawv tuaj los ntawm ib tug cog, ces lub txheej secretion yog muab kev koom tes cov ntaub so ntswg thiab yog hais tias tshuav hauv - feem koom lub internal qauv. Tsim kom muaj kua khoom vim membrane kev ua si thiab Golgi complex. Secrets ntawm no hom no yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov tsiaj, hu plig los ntawm pathogens los yog kab. Endocrine lug yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cob tsiv idioblast, uas muaj ntxhiab raws mlechnikov, receptacles rau paug, thiab lwm yam qog.

Rooj tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg