Tectonic qauv Caucasian. Tectonic qauv Caucasian roob

Niaj hnub nimno tectonic qauv ntawm cov Caucasus twb tsim txog 25 lab xyoo dhau los thaum lub sij hawm Tertiary lub sij hawm. Niaj hnub no nws yog daim ntau quav tso roob, hais tias vim internal geological dab tsis tseg tshuab txais volcanoes. Lawv yog cov hnub nyoog tib yam li lub Alps, thiab yog muaj li ntawm gneiss thiab granite.

lus qhia dav dav

Tectonic qauv Caucasian yog ib tug uas nws kim heev deformation tsam, qhov twg ib zaug muaj ib tug kev sib tsoo Arabian thiab Eurasian daim hlau. Lub roob no yog tsim vim lub zog ntawm continents. Txhua xyoo lub Arabian Phaj, nias Africa, tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb los ntawm ib tug ob peb centimeters.

Vim li no, lub cheeb tsam yog feem ntau ntsoog loj heev av qeeg, vim hais tias cov neeg uas lub Caucasus kev txom nyem. Tectonic qauv hloov maj mam vim shocks uas tshwm sim, rhuav tseg tib neeg infrastructure rau hauv av. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1988 muaj ib tug zoo kawg li qee nyob rau hauv Armenia, uas tua 20,000 tus neeg, thiab lwm 500,000 tau poob lawv cov tsev.

yug

Tsim tiaj inclined sab qaum teb tsim los ntawm Paleozoic crushed pob zeb. Lawv imbued nrog leeg ntawm acidic magma thiab yog giant folds. Lawv muaj li ntawm granite, quartzite thiab shale. Nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm tus dej Alikonovki nyob ze Kislovodsk koj yuav nrhiav tau cov feem ntau ancient cov pob zeb ntawm lub caj.

Tectonic qauv ntawm lub Caucasus Toj siab yog coj mus rau qhov chaw uas liab liab thiab liab Granites, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog yog kwv yees li ntawm 220-230 lab lub xyoo. Nyob rau hauv Mesozoic ntu lawv puas lawm, vim hais tias cov neeg uas tsim ib tug ua kiav txhab txheej, uas nws thickness yog hais txog 50 meters. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li Feldspar, quartz thiab mica.

Ntawm no koj yuav nrhiav tau thiab geodes - geological formations nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab noj hniav kaw nyob rau hauv sedimentary pob zeb. Hauv lub tso mineral tshuaj tshaj tas ib symmetrical khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Wherein lub puab nplaim xws kab noj hniav tej zaum yuav tsim nyob rau muaju, raum-tev, incrustations thiab lwm yam mineral aggregates. Lub Caucasian geodes tej zaum nrhiav tau tsawg cov ntaub ntawv uas Celestine - mineral pob tshab xiav Hawj txawm.

sediments

Tiam sis nyob rau yav qab teb qhov chaw siab tshaj koj yuav nrhiav tau sedimentary pob zeb tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov Jurassic thiab Cretaceous reservoirs. Yav tas los, muaj ib lub hiav txwv, thiab tam sim no tseem nyob limestone xim av thiab daj, dolomite thiab ferruginous sandstones liab Hawj txawm.

Structure Caucasian roob kuj muaj deposition ntawm ntau yam pob zeb, xws li travertine, tau tshwm sim tom qab evaporation ntawm mineral dej. Nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb koj yuav saib tau lub qhov ib co kua nplaum ntawm nplooj thiab cov ceg ntoo uas muaj lab xyoo dhau los.

qauv

Tectonic qauv ntawm cov Caucasus roob cais lub system mus rau hauv ob ntawm lub caj. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog hu ua tus Great, thiab lwm yam - yuav tsum tau me me. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv pw lub nras.

Lub Greater Caucasus yog tseem hu ua lub North Caucasus (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov feem ntau lub sij hawm yog siv nyob rau hauv Russia mus rau xa mus rau lub zos republics ntawm lub federation). Mus rau sab qab teb nws yog faib caj. Ntxiv cia muaj ib thaj av hu ua lub Caucasus. Rau nws feem ntau yog muaj xws li cov chaw uas zoo heev ntawm peb lub teb chaws: Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan.

Geologists kuj highlight ob yam tseem ceeb cov cheeb tsam: lub Scythian platform thiab intermountain cheeb tsam.

Greater Caucasus

Greater Caucasus stretches rau 1100 km ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob mus rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj. Nws ntuj ciam teb rau lwm yog cov Dub thiab Caspian Seas. Kwv yees li huab ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau hu ua Anapa nyob rau hauv lub Krasnodar cheeb tsam thiab lub roob Ilhydag nyob ze Azerbaijan Baku.

Qhov no roob system yog muab faib ua ob peb qhov chaw. Faib ntau yam (los yog tus Greater Caucasus) muaj ib tug qhov siab ntawm 3 mus rau 5 txhiab meters. Ntawm no yog lub siab tshaj plaws peaks nyob teb chaws Europe. Tectonic qauv tsim Caucasian sublime ua hauj lwm.

Mining tsim kho ntawm lub array muaj lub crystalline qab daus ntawm lub ancient muaj hnub nyoog - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb caj. Nws cov tub ntxhais yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug hluas cover, muaj raws ntawm ib tug tshiab hom. Lawv tsim dab tsi nyob rau hauv science no yog hu ua "tis tsa." Ib tug tag nrho ntawm ob - sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb.

Tus thawj yog muaj li ntawm deposits nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm wrinkles. Lawv crushed pob zeb ntawm Mesozoic thiab Cenozoic muaj hnub nyoog. Hluas tis yog tsim ntawm tuab deposits, uas yog qhov ua rau ntawm kuj zoo kawg geological txhawj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Tus qauv yog xws li hais tias lub pob zeb yog crushed rau hauv lub complex thiab heev heev folds. Npog thiab thrusts lawv tsoo rau hauv ob peb daim. Tis muab zaum ntaub ntawv los ntawm uas nws hais ntxiv hais tias lub ntsiab loj ntawm lub roob caj tsiv sab qab teb. Laus sediments yog them los ntawm yau thiab ploj rau hauv qhov dej ntawm tus Azov, Dub thiab Caspian Seas.

Nyob rau hauv lub Paleozoic era lub sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm lub Caucasus yog suburb, qhov twg kov lub teb chaws thiab dej hiav txwv Paleotethys. Thaum xub thawj nws yog ib tug nyob ntsiag to rau thaj tsam uas tsis muaj volcanic los yog geological ua si ntawm lub hom rau cov uas muaj tam sim no lub Atlantic. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm qhov teeb meem no tau hloov lawm, lub sab hauv dab ua lawv tus kheej muaj.

lesser Caucasus

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb caj ntau Circuit Court. Ntawm no xaus lub Caucasus. Tectonic qauv ntawm cov cheeb tsam muaj ridges, volcanic highlands thiab plateaus. Ib tug txawv los ntawm lub Greater Caucasus yog tus tsis muaj ib tug tib array. On qhov tsis tooj, muaj ntau ntau yam me me ridges tshuam, uas yog vim li cas ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov nram hav. Yog tsis muaj teeb meem loj glaciers los yog lub majestic roob. Yog vim li cas cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov cheeb tsam no yog tectonically hluas heev. High peaks tau tseem tsis tau tsim.

Ntawm no yog txojkev rooj noj qhov chaw ntawm lub Alpine-Himalayan siv, uas yog vim li cas lub Lesser Caucasus muaj ib tug ntau npaum li cas txoj geological qauv raws li txwv mus rau "tij laug". Nws pib sab qab teb ntawm lwm cov phaj. Yog hais tias lub North Caucasus muaj yuav luag tsis muaj volcanic arcs los yog sagging, ntawm no lawv txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau dua.

Lub geological keeb kwm ntawm lub cheeb tsam

Lub geological keeb kwm ntawm lub Lesser Caucasus yog tau los piav qhia txog ntau yam uas sib rau tag nrho cov dab noj qhov chaw ntawm no tshaj lab xyoo.

Nyuam qhuav pib no qhov chaw nteg ib tug tectonic suture thiab ib tug loj heev dej hiav txwv ntawm Tethys. Lub zos volcanic kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm cov dej yog lub feem ntau haib rau lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub Mesozoic era. Dej hiav txwv twb ncig los ntawm ob peb microcontinents. Thaum lub sij hawm, lawv kiag li ncig lub pas dej ua ke, faib nws mus rau hauv ob peb daim. Thaum lub lem ntawm 85 lab lub xyoo dhau los tsim ib tug tib sab av loj uas muaj ntau lub sij hawm raug tectonic hloov.

Gondwana, uas twb tsiv los ntawm lub sab qaum teb, yog vim li cas hais tias cov loj heev dej hiav txwv qhov chaw shrunk mus rau ib tug me me luaj li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd zoo underwater volcanoes thiab qub ciam teb rau lwm ntawm tej yam me me continents.

Scythian platform

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov caj yog ib tug hluas Scythian platform. Nws muaj ob plag tsev. Lower - lub hauv paus, hais los ntawm lub Paleozoic cov pob zeb ntawm keeb kwm (hnub nyoog, 230-430 lab lub xyoo). Lub sab saum toj pem teb yog hu ua tus mantle. Nws yog yau thiab muaj cov pob zeb ntawm Mesozoic thiab Cenozoic era (65-250 lab lub xyoo). Qhov no marine sediments ntawm av nplaum thiab carbonate. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub Pre-Caucasus, uas sib raug mus rau lub Stavropol Territory, lub hauv paus yog tsa thiab ntxiv mus rau lub sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob pib tog down.

Scythian platform rau nws yav qab teb ciam teb rau lwm xaus ob peb deflections - Kuban, Terek, Kusari-Divichenskim. Ntawm no 40 lab lub xyoo dhau los, yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob zeb, vim hais tias cov neeg uas tsim strata molasse deposits. Nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus. Duab ntawm lub zos mineral springs thiab gorges yog breathtaking. Nws yog ib cov pawg neeg thaj av koob meej Lermontov, nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov reference.

Feature tshwm sim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pob zeb nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov kiav txhab qhia tau tias cheeb tsam no siv los sawv cev rau ib lub hiav txwv. Nws tshwm sim hais txog 230 lab lub xyoo dhau los. Continental tsev twb tsa thiab them ntiav. Qhov no tsev tsaus muag tom qab lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub Greater Caucasus. Ces muaj sawv delamination, uas nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm loj loj ntim rau terrestrial pob zeb. Qhov no txoj kev tseem niaj hnub no, uas tej zaum yuav piav qhia txog lub heev qeeg.

INTERMONTANE array

Nws yog nyob sab qab teb ntawm lub Greater Caucasus. Nyob rau hauv ib qho era thaum tsuas tsim lub Alps (txog 200 lab lub xyoo dhau los), muaj ib tug tsa lub caij ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Nws yog ib tug carbonate platform yog zoo li ib tug me me av loj. Txawm li cas los, nrog rau thaum pib ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub roob (30 lab xyoo dhau los), cov cheeb tsam no yog pib rau sag thiab vau. Lub hiav txwv, uas tau nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv maj disintegrated mus rau hauv Dub hiav txwv thiab cov Caspian hiav txwv.

Cov no yog cov ob sib xyaw qhov chaw. Nthuav lawv tectonic qauv. Caucasus (Rooj ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog sawv cev hauv qab no) yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb feem. Qhov no Azerbaijani thiab Georgian thaiv thiab Dzirula crystalline massif uas cais lawv.

Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev kawm thiab kev pab

Vim lub teeb ntawm Internal dab qauv Caucasian pub kom tshwm sim no sib txawv natural resources. Cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, tau kawm los mus tsim thiab ua rau lawv. Koj tseem yuav nrhiav tau ntau yam khoom siv ntawm tib neeg kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub nco qab lawm mines ntawm kub, nyiaj, ua, tooj liab, roj, thee, thiab hais txog. D.

Local khw ib subsoil txog 200 milliardov tej kas tham ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev. Qhov no loj reserves, uas yuav kav rau ob peb decades.

Paj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov av no yeej ib txwm muaj - cov neeg kom koj to taub qhov twg muaj kev pab. Tus thawj cov me nyuam mus kawm rau hauv lub geology ntawm lub Caucasus mus rau lub XVIII xyoo pua, thaum scientific expeditions raug xa mus no, pib los ntawm Lomonosov.

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua ntawm no peb tau tawm rau lub daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas Musin-Pushkin, Dubois de Monpere. Txawm li cas los, qhov tiag txiv ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm lub geology ntawm lub Caucasus yog pom tias yuav tsum muaj ib tug German tus kws Hermann Abikh. Nws coj Lavxias teb sab pej xeem thiab feem ntau mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub 60-ies ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Cov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no nws yog tectonic qauv Caucasian roob. Rau nws heev heev discoveries nws los ua ib tug mus saib xyuas tug tswv cuab ntawm lub St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences.