Swedish Koroleva Kristina: biography, interesting tseeb

Biography ntawm poj huab tais Christina ntawm Sweden (1626-1689), uas kav lub teb chaws los ntawm 1644 mus 1654 xyoo, lawm thiab tseem yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau tham txog nyob rau hauv peb hnub. Muaj ntau lub contemporaries thiab historians teev nws raws li ib qho piv txwv raws li ib tug kav, nkawv los ntawm cov neeg, nws tsis muab nws lub neej nyob rau lub thaj ntawm pej xeem affairs.

Koroleva Kristina Sweden - ib qho ntawm cov poj niam ntawm nws lub neej uas yog lub npe hu mus rau ib tug dav vajvoog ntawm cov neeg, thiab hais txog lwm yam yog tsis muaj caij nyoog cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - ntau yam tseeb ntawm nws biography tau txoj kev fwv yees thiab taug xaiv.

Cov me nyuam yug ntawm yav tom ntej huab tais

Tau yug los rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej Koroleva Kristina Sweden Hlis ntuj nqeg 18, 1626 (Tshiab Style). Nws niam nws txiv yog cov huab tais Gustav Ii Adolf thiab Brandenburg Princess Maria Eleonora, thaum lub sij hawm cev xeeb tub yog tag nrho tej yam tshwm sim, ces paub cov kws kho mob taw mus rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm nws tus tub - lub neej yav tom ntej txais mus rau lub zwm txwv. Tib yam li nrog ib lub suab, hais tias muaj ntau yam hmoov thiab soothsayers, mus nyob hauv lub tsev hais plaub.

Txawm tam sim ntawd tom qab yug tus me nyuam courtiers, pom tus me nyuam mos tus me nyuam, coj nws los ntawm tus tub. Ntawm no pib thawj thiab discrepancies nyob rau hauv nws biography ntawm Christina. Raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, ib tug xaus tau ua vim lub fact tias tus me nyuam yog heev loj. Lwm tus taw tes rau ib tug unusually lub suab nrov, uas yog pom raws li ib tug kos npe rau ntawm ib tug unusually muaj zog tus me nyuam tub noj qab haus huv. Peb qhov chaw qhia hais tias ib tug me nyuam yug los nrog ntau ntau ntawm cov plaub hau, uas yog tseem txhais nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus txiv neej. Txawm nws yog, tiam sis King Gustav twb hais txog cov me nyuam yug ntawm tus txais mus rau lub me nyuam tub, nws ua npau suav nrog tus poj huab tais.

Thaum nws los ua luaj tiag tiag nrog txiv neej pw ntawm tus me nyuam, tus huab tais cautiously hais tias tom qab tag nrho cov ntxhais yug. Tab sis txawm tag nrho cov kev ntshai, cov huab tais coj cov xov xwm graciously, thiab thaum kuv xub pom tus ntxhais, hais tias thaum nws muaj thaum yug los dag rau tag nrho cov muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub, ces nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nws yuav tsum tau tos rau tej yam uas zoo.

Thawj lub xyoo ntawm lub neej

Swedish Koroleva Kristina, biography uas pib li extravagant, yog tus ntxhais ntawm ib qho ntawm feem kawm ntawv monarchs ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Nws tsa tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv raws li nws views on dab tsi yuav tsum kav. Nws yog nws successor mus rau lub rooj huas tias Gustaf pom, dab tsi thiab hais rau nws cov nobles thiab tej yam - yog hais tias nws yuav tsis muaj txiv neej qub txeeg qub teg, nws yuav poj huab tais Christina. Lub Swedes swore nws siab, thaum Christina tsuas yog ib xyoo.

Initial kev kawm ntawv ua hauj lwm tus kheej Gustav, uas poj huab tais Maria Eleonora, uas yog heev awaited tus tub, tsuas yog zoo siab heev. Ntawm no raws li cov biography ntawm uncertainty zoo nkaus li. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, Koroleva Kristina Sweden tau txais ob peb raug mob, vim uas ib tug lub xub pwg yog siab tshaj lwm tus, thiab taug kev twb qhia ib tug hnov li ceg tawv.

Raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, qhov no yog qhov txhaum ntawm tus poj huab tais, uas yog tsis zoo saib xyuas tus me nyuam yog tseem tsis koom nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov menyuam ntxhais huab tais ... Lwm version hais tias qhov no pab mus rau leej txiv nws tus kheej, uas yog tuav Christina yog lossi nrog nws, tab sis yeej tsis them xim rau yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg tus me nyuam yuav poob, ua rau kev raug mob tseem uncured thiab tshuav ib tug cim rau lub neej.

Childhood thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov poj huab tais

Keeb kwm feem ntau muaj cov xwm txheej - xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv yuav tsis paub tias lub npe, raws li huab tais Christina ntawm Sweden. Biography ntxhais thawj ua ib tug ntse tig tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv - nyob rau hauv 1832 Gustav tua nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov battles ntawm lub Peb caug xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog, thiab tsis muab lub xeev ib tug txiv neej txais. Poj huab tais Maria Eleonora yog yeej tsis xav nyob rau hauv pej xeem affairs, li ntawd, lub Swedish Senate tej yam ua ke xav los ua lub neej ntawm Christina txiv thiab tus hluas nkauj paub tseeb hais tias lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev, txiav txim tias ua ntej kom loj hlob yuav tsum tau Regent Graf Aksel Oksinshtern. Raws li ib tug neeg cob, nws yog rau Christina piv txwv nyob rau hauv txhua yam, ua ib tug ntau rau cov hluas poj huab tais tau txais ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv.

Nws yog tsim nyog tus ntxhais ntawm nws tus txiv, cov me txais mus rau lub rooj huas tias txij li thaum yau amazed contemporaries los ntawm cov yooj yim uas nws yog kis tau tshiab kev txawj ntse. Lwm hom lus, kos duab, science thiab keeb kwm - tag nrho cov muab tus hluas nkauj yooj yim. Twb tau nyob rau lub 12 xyoo nws yuav tso ib tug fiery hais lus nyob rau hauv Latin, thiab lub ntuj sciences dealt nrog nws tus kheej Rene Dekart, leej twg hais tias cov Swedish Koroleva Kristina - nws zoo tshaj plaws tus menyuam kawm ntawv, thiab tseem nrog nws kom txog thaum nws tuag.

Cov kev tuag ntawm cov poj tus paub txog lawm mas yuav kis taug xaiv. Cov hauj lwm version yog hais tias nws tuag ntawm mob ntsws vim hais tias ntawm qhov hnyav sab qaum teb nyab xeeb, tab sis muaj yog speculation hais tias nws taug, raws li ib co courtiers ntshai tsam nws cawv rau cov poj huab tais tshiab.

Lub cim ntawm tus pas ntsuas

Yog xav tau ntaus cim contemporaries sib sib zog nqus paub txog lwm hom lus, keeb kwm, txoj, cov kev me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov kev cob qhia yuav tsum tau ib tug tej yam concentration, kev mob siab thiab kev hlub muaj tseeb rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm tej yam tshiab. Tag nrho cov yeeb yam raws li Christina tshaj, tab sis lwm yam tshaj li ib tug ci ntsa iab lub siab, ib tug hluas nkauj coj mus nyob rau lwm lub thiab cog ntau tiam caj qaum ntawm muaj koob muaj npe ntshav, ib tug tseem ceeb heev xaav ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab muaj txoj cai yuav ua li cas cia li raws li nws pom haum. Leej Txiv hu ua nws tsuas yog raws li "huab tais" (es tsis txhob ntawm "tus poj huab tais"). Thaum tus hluas nkauj loj hlob, hloov nws ib zaug qhov kev txiav txim yuav ua kom tsuas ib tug heev muaj zog cov ntaub ntawv.

Ib tug zoo tswv yim rau cov tsim ntawm Christine ntiaj teb no muaj cov acquaintance nrog cov biography ntawm Elizabeth I - poj huab tais ntawm ces thiab Ireland nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1558-1603, uas yog ib tug patron ntawm cov kawm Askiv thiab sciences thiab nco ntsoov hais tias los ntawm nws cov kev txiav txim siab tsis mus tsim txom lawv tus kheej nrog lub vows, thiab txawm nws yog nrog cov txiv neej. Raws li nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, tsis muaj leej twg paub, tab sis teb, ob leeg tus poj huab tais twb tsis tau sib yuav thiab tau ncaim qab cov me nyuam.

Regent ntawm Sweden, Oksishtern teeb los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog pib los npaj rau accession Christina rau lub zwm txwv, sib txuas lus nrog nws rau pej xeem txog tej yam. Tus heev yav tom ntej huab tais pom ib tug ntse txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem, thiab rau nws cov xov xwm, peb yuav xaus uas lub qhov teeb meem no twb zoo-versed txaus nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm kaum ob.

Thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm

Txawm tias ua ntej lub coronation ntawm Koroleva Kristina Sweden nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub xeev. Tsaug rau lub extraordinary muaj peev xwm, twb nrog 16 xyoo ntawm nws daim ntawv tso cai mus rau lub Senate lub rooj sib tham, qhov twg nws feem ntau tau tsim ib tug furor nws lus hais, tswvyim thiab views rau txawv teb chaws thiab domestic txoj cai.

Thaum nyob rau hauv 1644 nws muaj 18 xyoo, txawm lub fact tias ua ntej lub formal coronation yuav tau tos ib tug ob peb ntau xyoo, lub Senate hais tias cov neeg ntawm kev cai lij choj uas muaj hnub nyoog Christina, thiab nws de facto ua lub ib uas kav lub nceeg vaj.

Lub los faiv fab yuav luag tsis hloov cov txheej txheem, uas yog adhered mus rau Koroleva Kristina Sweden - nthuav cov lus tseeb ntawm lub neej, meticulously teev nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm contemporaries, hais tias, piv txwv li, hais tias nws sawv ntawm 5 am thiab feem ntau demanded tib yam los ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv - Rene Dekarta. Tej lub sij hawm twb muab faib nruab nrab pej xeem affairs thiab ntxiv rau lawv tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob, thiab tus hluas huab tais feem ntau tsis them sai sai mus rau lub rooj sib. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws feem ntau hnav cov txiv neej khaub ncaws, xav nws swm. Ntxias yuav pleev xim tej khaub ncaws, tab sis yog hais tias tus paparazzi muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm thaum nws yog ib tug Swedish Koroleva Kristina, ib tug yees duab yuav zoo ntes rau nws hnav ris tsho number case tsuas, uas yog rau cov kav commonplace.

Tsis kam ntawm kev sib yuav

Tom qab tuaj ntawm lub hnub nyoog, recalling untimely tuag ntawm Gustav, lub Senate npaj rau nws kav mus yuav poj niam, muab lub xeev lub txais. Nws twb assumed tias qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lub xeem tug tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim dynasty ntawm Vasa, uas yog Christina, poj huab tais ntawm Sweden. Lub xyoo pua 17th yog ib tug conservative nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm txhua yam, zoo li nws cov mlom, Elizabeth kuv, Christina tshaj tawm hais tias nws yuav tsis puas tau muaj txij nkawm thiab muaj cov me nyuam. Qhov kev txiav txim tuaj raws li ib tug poob siab tag nrho tshaj Sweden - los ntawm commoners rau cov nom tswv cajceg, tsis xav hloov ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub "tsis yog" ob txhais tes. Sim tau mus hloov lub tswvyim ntawm tus poj huab tais - lub Riksdag twb nrhiav tau rau nws suitors, nws tau xwm yeem tso tseg. Ib tug ntawm ob tog nyob rau hauv kev ciali mus tau tag nrho cov zoo meej - ib tug nkauj muam nraug nus ntawm tus poj huab tais tus Carl-Gustav, Ntxiv, uas tus tub vaj ntxwv twb tsim (ntawm chav kawm, tsis xya, raws li nws Christina, tab sis peb hais lwm hom lus nws paub), zoo-nrhiav thiab ntog nyob rau hauv kev hlub nrog Christine tom qab lawv lub rooj sib tham . Cov tshwm sim, li cas los xij, yog tseem zoo li qub - mus rau tawm hauv huab tais tsis kam yuav, tab sis muaj rau coj mus ua lub txais mus rau lub rooj huas tias tom qab nws.

Lub lover Carl-Gustav, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm uas yog 27 xyoo, tsis kam, hais tias nws tsis xav tau lub Swedish yas thiab cov tes ntawm nws poj huab tais.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign

Yuav kom xu tus tub huabtais ntawm kev xav txog kev sib yuav, uas hais thiab lub Riksdag, Cristina xa Karl-Gustav nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov uas nws siv 3 xyoo raws li Commander ntawm lub Swedish pab tub rog. Raws li nws muab tawm, qhov ntev sib cais twb tsis muaj ntxim rau nws txoj kev xav - tus tub huabtais tsis rov qab down thiab txuas ntxiv mus hais rau lub tshoob. Cov poj huab tais, rau nws ib feem, kuj tsis hloov lub tswvyim - thiab nws tuaj rau succession - sai nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Senate cov ntaub ntawv uas Carl-Gustav tau raug tsa successor mus rau lub zwm txwv.

Tu siab nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev xav, tus tub huabtais sab laug lub tsev hais plaub, mus rau cov kob ntawm Öland, uas tau cog lus tseg rau tos kuv tus nkauj muam nraug nus yuav tsis hloov nws tus cwj pwm mus rau nws. Peb yuav tsum tau tos heev ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, raws li cov Swedish Koroleva Kristina ntawm nws tsis txawm xav li cas txog - ua ntej, nws tau yaim los ntawm cov kev npaj rau lub coronation (muaj nyob rau hauv 1650), thiab ces tus hluas huab tais coj txoj hauj lwm.

Lub txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm Cristina feem ntau cim los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub Peb caug xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog, uas tua nws tus txiv. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws tau coj ib tug diametrically opposite nrog hwm rau nws saib Earl Oksishternu txoj hauj lwm, uas ntseeg hais tias lub continuation ntawm hostilities pab Sweden. Contrary rau nws, tus huab tais xa ib tug German kev thaj yeeb congress nws tus neeg sawv cev, thiab kev sib haum xeeb treaty tau kos npe. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, historians thiab contemporaries lees paub hais tias nws mob kuj unusually paaj rau Sweden - tsuas yog hais tias nws tseem nyob ib cheeb tsam (sab hnub poob Pomerania, Bremen, verden, Lub nroog ntawm Wismar), nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb treaty twb sau kom tau ib indemnity nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 5 lab talers.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tswj ntawm cov tub rog ua hauj lwm, Christina pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai - yog hais tias nws tuaj ib tug kub lub sij hawm rau kev ntxias.

Qhov tsis kam ntawm lub zwm txwv

Nyob rau hauv 1654 muaj ib tug unprecedented kev tshwm sim - Lub rau hli ntuj 6, ntawm ib lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Riksdag, lub Swedish Koroleva Kristina hais tias nws nco abdication. Nws hais tias nws tsis xav kom mus ua lub xeev rau lub neej thiab Ixama rau ib tug taug mus saib nyob deb pawg neeg thaj av, thiab nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, raws li tau leej twg, tshuav tus huab tais txoj kev nkauj muam nraug nus, Karl Gustav.

Raws li deb raws li txhua yam hais tias nws yeej muaj tseeb tiag, thiab tam sim no peb muaj peev xwm tsuas yog twv, tab sis indirect pov thawj qhia tias tsis txhua yam yog li ntawd tus, raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv lub official version. successor mus rau lub rooj huas tias yog "tsa" ntev ua ntej cov abdication, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, suspiciously sai sai coronation ntawm tus tshiab kav tau tuav (Carl-Gustaf lub npe hu ua Korol Karlom X) - nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv tib hnub li qhov sib ntxiv ntawm Christine lub chaw ua hauj lwm.

Tag nrho cov no yuav qhia tau tias lub Riksdag tso siab rau tus huab tais, sim mus yuam nws, kom nws muaj txij nkawm thiab muab yug ib tug txais, tab sis los ntawm ntau accounts, cwj pwm ntawm tus poj niam thiab niam Cristina yuav luag ceeb zam tag nrho nws lub neej. Nws yog yuav hais tias ib zaug rau lo lus nug twb muab tso rau bluntly - tau sib yuav los yog tawm lub zwm txwv, ces Christina pom muaj ib tug kev xaiv thib peb, vim hais tias tom qab lub tshoob, Carl yuav tseem los ua huab tais, thiab nws nrog nws tig mus rau hauv ib tug poj niam thiab leej niam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, yog tias tsis ua hauj lwm nrog cov me nyuam, ces tig cov txheej xwm nyob rau txhua leej txhua tus ... Los ntawm txoj kev, ib yam dab tsi uas zoo sib xws tshwm sim - tus tshiab huab tais, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm nws "kev hlub" rau Christina, muab cov txais mus rau lub teb chaws yuav luag tam sim ntawd, thiab feem ntau cov tseem ceeb - rau lub sij hawm, vim hais tias kuv ntes tau ib tug txias thiab tuag tom qab 5 xyoo. Ib zaug ntxiv, tus me nyuam ua vajntxwv (tam sim no plaub), thiab mus txog rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hauv lub teb chaws yog kav los ntawm lub Riksdag.

Ib tug tshiab lub neej txawv teb chaws

Ltalis yog thawj lub teb chaws, qhov chaw uas nws nyob tom qab lub abdication ntawm qhov tam sim no yav tas los Swedish Koroleva Kristina. Nthuav lus tseeb ntawm nws biography yog tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm lub hwj chim tsis ua hauj lwm, thiab lub neej tshiab mus rau ib qho eccentric poj niam pib nrog rau txoj kev hloov mus rau lub Catholic txoj kev ntseeg (noj mus rau hauv tus account lub lis kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm, nws yog ib tug loj npaum li cas cov kev tshwm sim tshaj ib qho chaw twg mus rau Ltalis nws tus kheej nees thiab hnav khaub ncaws raws li ib tug txiv neej). Tsaug rau cov ntseeg tshiab, Christina (los ntawm txoj kev, tom qab lub tshiab kev cai raus dej nws tau muab lub npe Augustus) nyob rau hauv ltalis nws yog zoo txais lub Pope nws tus kheej, tab sis nws yog tom qab ib tug thaum "nug" nws tawm ntawm lub teb chaws, raws li cov yav tas los poj huab tais tau ua lub npe hu raws li ib tug fanatical nihilist - nyob, disregarding muaj ib yam ntawm cov kev cai koj teem lub Loos tiv thaiv nws.

Cov tom ntej no lub teb chaws nyob qhov twg rau xa Kristina, Fabkis yeej ib txwm yus xoob morals. Ntawm no, lub yav tas poj huab tais yog tseem muaj nqi uas muaj ntau tshaj ib tug frivolous yam - heev kev hloov ntawm lovers, los ze zog ties nrog lwm tus poj niam, thiab tua neeg (tiam sis tsis yog nws ob txhais tes, thiab tom qab ib tug nyob ze). Txawm li cas los, nrog rau tom kawg raws li ib txwm tseeb - txawm nyob rau hauv cov hnub, cov qub huab tais muaj ib tug cai rau ib tug lub tsev hais plaub nplua thiab kev zam txim ntawm nws kev kawm, li ntawd, txhua yam tau raug npaj raws li cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov kab lus (txawm nrhiav tau pov thawj tias twb nqa tawm ib co kev tshawb nrhiav). Tab sis qhov tseeb tseem - lub Marquis ntawm Monaldeschi, raws li taug xaiv, lub yav tas lover ntawm Christine, stabbed nrog swords, thiab nws rov qab mus rau Ltalis.

Sim rov qab zwm txwv thiab lub xeem xyoo

Nyob rau hauv 1660 nws tuag lub successor mus rau lub qub huab tais - Charles X, tawm hauv qab ib tug tub hluas. Ib zaug ntxiv, koj yuav tau xav txog yog vim li cas tsis kam ntawm Christina, los ntawm lub zwm txwv, tom qab lub rooj sib hais cov xov xwm los ntawm lawv lub teb chaws, nws tam sim ntawd mus rau nws teb koj chaw, nyob qhov twg xav tau rov qab mus rau nws rooj huas tias. Tab sis lub Riksdag tsis kam, vim Christina Augusta yog tam sim no lwm kev ntseeg, thiab lub txais ntawm Sweden yog tam sim no, thiab thiaj li yog (raws li nrog lub qub huab tais ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab).

Tom qab txoj kev cem ntuas ntawm lub Senate xeem xyoo ntawm tus qub poj huab tais Christina ntawm Sweden (1626-1689) coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ltalis, thiab heev nyob ntsiag to. Nws yog mus txog rau lub xaus ntawm nws hnub, nws patronized musicians, paj huam thiab ntxias. Christina tuag Augustus Plaub Hlis Ntuj 19, 1689 thiab yog ib tug ntawm peb cov poj niam faus nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos txoj St. Peter Basilica.