Solubility - dab tsi yog qhov no?

Science News for KIDS - ib qho interesting thiab es complex science. Nws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov tswv yim peb tuaj nyob thoob plaws nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, thiab tsis yeej ib txwm intuitive, lawv txhais li cas thiab dab tsi yog nws cov ntsiab lus. Ib tug ntawm cov tswv yim yog cov solubility. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm kev daws, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub peb yuav confronted nrog nws siv vim hais tias ib puag ncig los ntawm cov tib lub ntsiab. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas cov kev siv ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li cov lub cev phenomena hais tias nws sawv cev rau. Tab sis ua ntej tswv yim mus rau lub ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm peb cov zaj dabneeg, ceev ceev rau pem hauv ntej mus rau hauv lub puas tawm xyoo, thaum Svante Arrhenius thiab Wilhelm Ostwald formulated lub hom phiaj ntawm electrolytic dissociation.

zaj dabneeg

Nws pib txoj kev kawm txog kev daws teeb meem thiab solubility ntawm lub cev kev tshawb xav ntawm dissociation. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub, txawm li cas los, yog ib yam nkaus thiab txheej thaum ub thiab tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub ntsiab lus coincide nrog kev muaj tiag. Lub essence ntawm no ziag no yog hais tias lub solute nkag mus rau cov tshuaj decomposes rau hauv them hais hu ua ions. Cov hais thiab txiav txim seb cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj thiab ib co ntawm nws lub zog, nrog rau conductivity thiab ib tug kub point, melting point thiab crystallization.

Txawm li cas los, ib tug ntau theories uas xav txog lub cev ua ib tug daws, nyob rau hauv uas hais nrog txhua lwm yam thiab tsim ib tug thiaj li hu ua solvates - ions surrounded los ntawm dipoles. Dipole - yog feem ntau ib tug nruab nrab molecule, uas oppositely them tug. Dipole yog feem ntau ib tug hnyav molecule. Ib zaug nyob rau tov, lub solute yaj mus rau hauv ions thiab dipoles yog attracted rau lub oppositely them ions, ib tug nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv kawg, thiab lwm yam ions - feem lwm oppositely them nrog kev sib hwm mus rau thaum xaus ntawm nws. Yog li tau solvates thiab - molecules yog sheathed nrog rau lwm cov nruab nrab molecules.

Tam sim no wb tham me ntsis txog lub essence ntawm cov theories lawv tus kheej, thiab saib lawv zoo.

kev tshawb xav ntawm kev daws teeb meem

Cov tsim ntawm xws hais yuav tau piav los ntawm ntau phenomena uas tsis tau piav kev siv cov classical kev tshawb xav ntawm kev daws. Piv txwv li, lub tshav kub ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yaj. Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm lub Arrhenius kev tshawb xav, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau hais tias yog vim li cas nyob rau ntawm lub xaus ntawm ib tug yeeb tshuaj nyob rau hauv lwm tshav kub muaj peev xwm yuav absorbed thiab tso tawm. Yog, muaj ib tug kev puas tsuaj ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo thiab yog li ntawd, lub zog npaum thiab cov tshuaj twb yog txias los yog tso tawm los ntawm cov hniav lwj vim lub tshaj zog ntawm tshuaj bonds. Tab sis mus piav qhia txog nws yog tsis yooj yim sua, vim hais tias nws tseem to taub tsis tau tsis ua hauj lwm mechanism ntawm lub standpoint ntawm classical kev tshawb xav. Yog hais tias kev tshawb xav thov tshuaj tov, nws yuav tseeb hais tias cov kuab molecules nyob rau hauv lub muaj kab noj hniav wedging grilles, ua kom puas nws hauv, raws li "fencing" ions apart solvate plhaub.

Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no tshooj lus no peb yuav saib dab tsi hauv lub solubility thiab txhua yam kev cob cog rua nrog no seemingly yooj yooj yim thiab intuitive nqi.

Lub tswvyim ntawm solubility

Intuitively tseeb hais tias cov solubility qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas zoo ib yam yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug muab kuab. Txawm li cas los, qhov xwm ntawm tus solute peb paub yog feem ntau heev me me. Yog vim li cas, piv txwv li, cwj mem av dawb yog tsis soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab ntsev - nyob rau tsis tooj? Tag nrho cov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog ntawm txoj kev sib khi nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Yog hais tias lub bonds muaj zog, nws yog vim hais tias ntawm no, cov hais tsis tau dissociate rau hauv ions, li no kev rhuav tseg cov siv lead ua. Yog li ntawd nws tseem insoluble.

Solubility - yog ib tug ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm uas qhia dab tsi feem ntawm cov solute yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov solvated hais. Nws tus nqi yog nyob ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus solute thiab kuab. Solubility nyob rau hauv dej rau txawv tshuaj yog sib txawv, nyob ntawm seb lub bonds ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Tshuaj nrog covalent bonds muaj tsawg heev solubility, thaum nrog ionic - lub siab tshaj plaws.

Tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm tau mus to taub dab tsi tus nqi ntawm cov solubility ntawm ib tug loj thiab dab tsi yog me me. Yog li ntawd, cov seem tom ntej no yuav sib tham txog dab tsi yog qhov solubility ntawm txawv tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov dej.

kev sib piv

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov kua kuab tshuaj. Ntau lawm tshwm sim lwm txoj kev tshuaj uas yuav pab tau raws li qhov tseeb thaum muaj tej yam tej yam kev mob, xws li ib tug tej yam lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Nws yog ib qhov tseeb hais tias yog collect cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv solubility nyob rau hauv ib leeg ib khub "lub neej substance - kuab" yog tsis txaus rau tag nrho cov nyob mus ib txhis, vim hais tias nws puv tawm ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm ob peb ua ke. Yog li ntawd, nws tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw universal kuab thiab cov txheej txheem yog dej. Peb tau ua nws vim hais tias nws yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Yog li, lub rooj ntawm dej solubility rau ntau pua pua txhiab tus tshuaj tau kos mus txog. Peb muaj tag nrho cov tau pom nws, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv thiab to taub daim ntawv no. Lub hlwb ntawm lub rooj yog inscribed ntawv designating soluble yam khoom uas yog insoluble los yog me ntsis soluble. Tab sis muaj yog ib tug ntau tshwj xeeb cov lus rau cov neeg uas tiag to taub lub Science News for KIDS. Muaj pes tsawg zauv tus nqi qhia solubility nyob rau hauv grams tauj ib liter ntawm kev daws teeb meem.

Tam sim no cia peb tig mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li solubility.

solubility Science News for KIDS

Yuav ua li cas yog tus txheej txheem ntawm dissolving nws tus kheej, peb twb sib tham nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los tshooj. Tab sis ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas, piv txwv li, sau tag nrho nws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv? Txhua yam yog tsis yog li ntawd yooj yim. Piv txwv li, los ntawm dissolving lub acid cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim hydrogen ion sis raug zoo nrog dej rau hydronium ion, H ₃ O ^+. Yog li, rau cov HCl cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yuav tsum:

HCl + H ₂ O = H ₃ O ^{+ +} Cl ^-

Solubility ntawm ntsev, nyob ntawm seb lawv cov qauv, raws li txiav txim los ntawm nws cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. kawg daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntsev qauv thiab bonds nyob rau hauv nws molecule.

Peb figured tawm yuav ua li cas sau graphically lub solubility ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv cov dej. Tam sim no lub sij hawm tau tuaj mus rau kev siv tswv yim.

daim ntawv thov

Yog hais tias koj sau cov neeg mob nyob qhov twg no tus nqi yog tsim nyog, yog tsis txaus rau ib tiam. Kov, los ntawm kev siv koj yuav tau xam lwm cov qhov tseem ceeb uas tseem ceeb heev rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej tshuaj. Yog tsis muaj nws peb yuav tsis paub lub caij nyoog concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, txoj kev yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus ntsuam xyuas seb tus tshuaj yuav kho tau los yog tua ib tug neeg (txawm cov dej tsis zoo nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tshuaj kev lag luam thiab kev hom phiaj, kev nkag siab ntawm lub solubility yog tsim nyog txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Tej zaum nws yog qhov kev kawm los tsim, hais tias, ib tug supersaturated tov ntawm ib yam khoom. Piv txwv li, nws yog tsim nyog los tsim lub ntsev muaju rau homework tus me nyuam. Paub qhov solubility ntawm lub ntsev nyob rau hauv cov dej, peb yuav tau yooj yim txiav txim yuav ua li cas npaum li cas nws yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv ib tug txog ntsha, nws pib mus rau precipitate thiab daim ntawv muaju los ntawm ib tug overabundance.

Ua ntej concluding peb nyuag excursion mus rau hauv lub Science News for KIDS, wb tham txog ib tug ob peb lub tswv yim hais txog cov solubility.

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus neeg yog nthuav?

Nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim, Yog hais tias koj tau mus txog seem no, tej zaum koj twb paub hais tias lub solubility - yog tsis yog ib tug coj txawv txawv tshuaj ntau. Nws yog lub hauv paus rau lwm tus ntau. Cov lawv: lub concentration, kev ua, dissociation tsis tu ncua, pH. Thiab qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev. Koj twb zaum hnov tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntawm cov lus. Qhov no tsis muaj kev txawj ntse, qhov xwm ntawm lub ntsiab, txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov uas pib nrog cov xaus, peb yuav tsis xav txog tej yam niaj hnub Science News for KIDS thiab physics. Yuav ua li cas puas physics? Tej zaum physics kuj tseem ua hauj lwm nrog daws, ntsuas lawv conductance, thiab siv lawv cov lwm yam khoom kom haum koj xav tau kev pab.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb tau ntsib nrog rau cov tshuaj tswv yim xws li solubility. Nws yuav tsum tau pab tau heev ntxiv, raws li feem ntau ntawm peb yuav tsis yog xav txog tej yam sib sib zog nqus essence ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm lub ntsiab, muaj tsis muaj muaj siab mus raus lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws yog heev pab tau los qhia koj lub paj hlwb, kev kawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Tom qab ib tug lub neej ib tug txiv neej yuav tsum "kawm, kev kawm thiab kawm dua."