Txoj kev xav ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm cev nqaij. Ib qho yooj yim piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem

Nrog lub sij hawm "electrolytic dissociation" kws tshawb fawb tau ua hauj lwm txij thaum xyoo pua puas xyoo dhau los. Nws tsos yog vim cov Swedish Chemist Arrhenius. Ua haujlwm ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha hauv 1884-1887, nws tau qhia nws los piav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ionization nyob rau hauv cov kev daws thiab nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm melts. Lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tshwm sim no, nws tau txiav txim siab los piav txog lub zwj ceeb ntawm cov lwg me me rau hauv ions, cov ntsiab lus uas muaj qhov zoo los yog tsis zoo.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm electrolytic dissociation piav txog cov conductivity ntawm ib co ntsiab. Piv txwv li, rau potassium chloride yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm no ntsev splitting ntawm molecules rau poov tshuaj ion muaj ib tug them nyiaj nrog ib tug kos npe rau KCl «plus" (ntawv) thiab ib tug tshuaj ion, ib tug them nyiaj nrog ib tug kos npe rau "rho tawm" (anion). Hydrochloric acid HCl splits rau hauv ib tug ntawv (hydrogen ion) thiab ib tug anion (chloride ion), ib tug tov ntawm sodium hydroxide NaHO ua rau sodium ion thiab ib tug anion li hydroxide ion. Qhov theem theses ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm ntawm ions hauv kev daws. Raws li txoj kev xav no, lawv tsiv kiag li tsis pub dhau kev daws teeb meem, thiab txawm nyob hauv ib qho kev me me ntawm txoj kev daws teeb meem, ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm cov txwv tsis pub them nqi hluav taws xob raug tuav tseg.

Qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation, txheej txheem ntawm tsim cov electrolytes hauv cov dej daws aqueous, piav raws li nram no. Cov tsos ntawm cov dawb ions hais tias kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov siv lead ua ntxa ntawm cov teeb meem. Cov txheej txheem no thaum twg cov khoom muaj yaj nyob hauv dej tshwm sim los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm cov roj ncov qaumteb qab zib ntawm qhov hnyav (hauv peb piv txwv peb xav txog dej). Lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom txo tau cov quab yuam ntawm electrostatic attraction uas tshwm sim ntawm ions nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej, uas ua rau, ions tsiv mus nyob rau hauv kev ywj pheej. Cov dawb ions nkag mus rau ib puag ncig ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb dej lwg me me. Qhov plhaub no, uas ua nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv, txoj kev xav ntawm cov khoom sib cais tawm yog hu ua hydrated.

Tab sis qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation Arrhenius piav qhia txog kev tsim ntawm electrolytes tsis yog nyob hauv kev daws teeb meem xwb. Cov kab ua siv lead ua los kuj yuav raug rhuav tshem hauv kev kub. Cua kub lub Crystal, peb tau txais cov nyhuv oscillation ntawm ions nyob rau ntawm cov chaw khawb dej, uas maj ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov lead ua thiab cov tsos ntawm ib tug melt kiag li consistions ions.

Rov qab mus rau kev daws teeb meem, peb yuav tsum xav txog cov khoom ntawm ib yam khoom, uas peb hu rau hnyav. Tus neeg sawv cev tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsev neeg no yog dej. Lub ntsiab feature yog qhov muaj cov dipole molecules, i.e. Thaum twg los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub cev yuav tsum tau them zoo, thiab los ntawm lwm qhov nws tsis zoo. Ib qho dej tsis haum txhij txhua raws li cov kev cai no, tab sis dej tsis yog qhov hnyav xwb.

Cov txheej txheem yuav ua rau electrolytic dissociation thiab uas tsis yog-aqueous ncov qaumteb qabteb kuab tshuaj, piv txwv li, kua leej faj dioxide, kua ammonia, thiab li ntawd. Txawm li cas los, nws yog cov dej uas occupies ntsiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv no series vim hais tias ntawm nws cov khoom teejtug uas yog weakening (yaj) lub electrostatic attraction thiab ua puas lub crystalline lattice tshwm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kaj. Yog li ntawd, hais txog kev daws teeb meem, peb txhais cov kua hauv qhov dej hauv.

Txoj kev tshawb no: cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha ua rau nws pib mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm lawv lub zog thiab qhov kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib cais. Nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm dissociation ntawm ntsha yog meant tus piv ntawm dissociated molecules mus rau lawv tag nrho cov. Hauv cov roj ntsha electrolytes no coefficient yog qhov sib txawv ntawm xoom rau kev sib haum xeeb, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm dissociation sib npaug ntawm zero qhia tias peb yuav ua nrog cov uas tsis yog electrolytes. Ua kom cov neeg kawm ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov cuam tshuam zoo dua los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev daws.

Lub zog ntawm electrolytes yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib tw ntawm dissociation nyob rau hauv lub zwj ceeb ntawm qhov chaw tas li thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Cov electrolytes muaj zog muaj ib qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Cov no yog cov dej qab ntsev zoo, kua qab, acids.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom siv tawm ntawm cov roj ntsha sawv daws tau ua kom piav ntau yam ntawm cov phenomena uas tau kawm hauv cov qauv ntawm physics, chemistry, physiology ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj, thiab theoretical electrochemistry.