Sau ntawv, sau ntawv theem ntawm kev loj hlob

Sau Ntawv - Qhov no tsim ib tug system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim neeg siv los txhim kho lub suab ntawm kev hais lus. Cov tsab ntawv ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib qho kev ywj sib txuas lus system muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej kev khiav dej num. Nws muab ib lub sij hawm los txais thiab assimilate cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev tau los ntawm yav dhau los tiam, expanding lub Scope ntawm tib neeg kev sib txuas lus. Nyeem cov ntaub ntawv, txhua leej txhua tus tau txais ib lub caij nyoog mus kov lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, kom koj to taub nws cov kab lis kev cai, lwm cov ib puag ncig thiab lub puab ntiaj teb no. Yuav kom overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv hnub no yog tsis yooj yim sua. Tsaug rau nws, tus neeg paub tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug ntau ntawm tshiab, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yeej paub nws tus kheej.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hom lus sau rau cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, tsis zoo li qhov ncauj, nws unfolds tsis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo li qub chaw. Cov tsab ntawv ua rau nws ua tau rau xav tias cov kws ntawv ntawm nws, rov qab mus rau lub twb sau ntawv, hloov cov lus, tsim kho lub tswv yim los tshem tawm los yog hloov tag nrho cov nqe vaj lug kub, hais, nrhiav cov kev pab los ntawm dictionaries thiab phrasebooks.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv muaj ntau txhiab xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub sij hawm nws hloov maj, tsim, tau tshiab cov ntaub ntawv. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tsab ntawv no muaj feem xyuam rau lub Sumerian civilization, Nyob-tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm tus dej ntws Euphrates thiab Tigris. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw, archaeologists nrhiav ancient monuments ntawm kev sau ntawv - av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj nrog txawv dluab. Cov kev tshawb nrhiav hais tias daim ntawv sau cov lus originated 3,500 xyoo BC

Muaj ntau zaum ntawm peb lub sij hawm sim tau decipher ancient inscriptions, ntseeg hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm muab cov lus qhia tsis tau tsuas yog hais txog lub neej thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub civilization uas nws cov neeg lawv sau, tab sis kuj cov lus qhia txog cov tsos ntawm tib neeg raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Yav thaum ub tus ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawv hais txog pictography, los yog daim duab sau ntawv. Raws li yog lub npe hu, chiv drawings yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ancient cov neeg thiab tso tawm tsuas yog nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm cov khawv koob rituals. Lawv ces pib siv lawv rau lub kho thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Paub ancient Iyiv sau ntawv hais txog cov logographic sau ntawv system ( "logos" - lo lus), lub sij hawm ntawm nws keeb kwm yog pom tias yuav 2-3 txhiab BC

Nyob rau hauv nws sau hais lus tsim nws tau ncaim mus ob peb theem: los ntawm lub qhov tsua paintings thiab av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj mus rau lub niaj hnub hais lus, nrog nws cov complex lug proposals, puv ntawm cov kab lus, thiab lwm yam Classifying nws heev ntau haiv neeg. Yog li, raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, noob neej muaj cov nram qab hom ntawm kev sau ntawv hom:

• frazografiya - cov hiob hom ntawm kev sau ntawv uas xa cov lus qhia siv tus cim tshwj xeeb thiab piav txog tej yam tshwm sim tsis paub faib nws mus rau hauv ib tug neeg cov lus thiab cov nqe lus;
• logograph - tsab ntawv, kis ntaub ntawv los ntawm txoj kev cim uas sawv cev rau tus neeg lo lus;
• morfemografiya - sau ntawv, dhau lo lus siv morfemogramm - tshwj xeeb duab cim;
• sillabografiya - syllabary, kev sau ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau lub division ntawm cov lo lus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib lub suab;
• phonography - nraaj tsab ntawv suab (tsis yuav tsis meej pem nrog cov kev kho mob lub sij hawm rau npe ntawm lub plawv yws).

Raws li lwm kev faib tawm, cov sau ntawv coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws tsim theem xws li pre-sau, sib txuas pictographs, txheej thaum ub ideography thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tsab ntawv, raws li peb siv los saib, los yog Phonograph. Phonograph muaj xws li cov nram qab no ntawm kev sau ntawv: lo lus-syllabic, syllabic thiab alphabetic.

Zaum no yog tam sim no raws li muaj ntau yam raws li 5000 hom lus. Thaum 1/3 ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus kheej sau ntawv thiab ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau niaj hnub sau ntawv yog Latin (nws yog siv los ntawm hais txog 40% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no). Ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau lub ntiaj teb yog siv nyob rau hauv nws sau ntawv Suav cim. Cyrillic ncua rau 18% ntawm lub teb chaws cheeb tsam (xws li Russia). Txawv variants ntawm Indian sau ntawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, Nepal, Thaib teb thiab Nplog. Pawg lwm haiv tib neeg tsawg sau ntawv tau kis tsuas yog nyob rau lub xeev ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab qhov chaw ntawm Mongolia.