Cov tshuaj lub koom haum ntawm lub hlwb: organic tshuaj, macro- thiab microelements

Nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua nws tsim ib ceg biology hu ua biochemistry. Nws yog kawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nyob hlwb. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm kev kawm - kev paub ntawm cov peculiarities ntawm metabolism thiab lub zog, regulating tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm hlwb

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws kim heev kev tshawb fawb los ntawm zaum tshuaj lub koom haum ntawm lub hlwb tau raug kawm thiab pom hais tias yam uas muaj sia yog tsim los ntawm ntau tshaj 85 tshuaj ntsiab. Thiab ib txhia ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau rau yuav luag tag nrho cov kab mob, thaum lwm tus neeg yog hais thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib hom. Ib tug thib peb pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj hais tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm kab mob, nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv sufficiently pluas me me. Tshuaj ntsiab ntawm lub cell yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cations thiab anions uas mineral ntsev thiab dej yog tsim, thiab organic carbon tebchaw yog tsim: carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog, lipids.

organogenic ntsiab

Nyob rau hauv biochemistry, no muaj xws li Carbon, Hydrogen, Pa thiab Nitrogen. Lawv teeb yog nyob rau hauv ib lub cell ntawm 88 mus rau 97% ntawm cov lwm yam tshuaj hais tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb yog cov pa roj carbon. Tag nrho cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm hlwb muaj molecules muaj carbon nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg atoms. Lawv yuav tsum tau sib thooj, tsim tau ib cov saw (branched thiab unbranched), raws li zoo raws li mus. Qhov no muaj peev xwm carbon atoms underlies tawm muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov organic tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell cytoplasm thiab organelles.

Piv txwv li, lub internal txheem ntawm lub cell muaj ib tug soluble oligosaccharide, hydrophilic cov nqaijrog, lipids, ntau hom ntawm RNA: hloov lwm lub tsev RNA, ribosomal RNA thiab cov tub txib RNA, raws li zoo raws li free monomers - nucleotides. Xws li ib tug tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib tug cell nucleus. Nws kuj muaj ib tug qauv ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid, ib feem ntawm cov chromosomes. Tag nrho cov saum toj no tebchaw yog nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg atoms ntawm Nitrogen, carbon nrog rau oxygen, Hydrogen. Qhov no yog ib tug pov thawj ntawm lawv cov kev tseem ceeb, txij thaum ib tug tshuaj lub koom haum ntawm lub cell nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm biogenic hais tias ua li cellular lug: hyaloplasm thiab organelles.

Macronutrients thiab lawv lub ntsiab

Tshuaj hais, uas yog tseem heev nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm ntau hom ntawm tus kab mob no, biochemistry yog hu ua macronutrients. Lawv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub cell yog 1.2% - 1.9%. Los ntawm macroelements hlwb muaj xws li: phosphorus, poov tshuaj, tshuaj chlorine ua, sulfur, magnesium, poov hlau, hlau thiab sodium. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ib qho tseem ceeb functions thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm tes organelles. Yog li, lub ferrous ion yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntshav protein - hemoglobin, uas xa cov pa oxygen (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv twg nws yog hu ua oxyhaemoglobin), cov pa roj carbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) los yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide (carboxyhaemoglobin).

Sodium ions muab ib qho tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm intercellular thauj: lub thiaj li hu ua sodium-poov tshuaj twj tso kua mis. Lawv kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub interstitial kua thiab ntshav ntshav. Magnesium ions tam sim no nyob rau hauv chlorophyll molecules (photopigment dua cov nroj tsuag) thiab muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, raws li zoo raws li daim ntawv tshuaj tiv thaiv cov chaw uas cuab photons ntawm lub teeb lub zog.

Calcium ions muab conduction ntawm cov hlab pulses raws fibers thiab yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm osteocytes - pob txha hlwb. Calcium tebchaw yog ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no invertebrate tsiaj uas nws zoo li yog muaj li ntawm calcium carbonate.

Chloride ions yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv recharging lub cell daim nyias nyias thiab muab cov tsos ntawm hluav taws xob pulses ntawm lwm neural stimulation.

Cov leej faj atoms yog ib feem ntawm cov neeg muaj protein ntau thiab ua rau lawv tertiary qauv "stitching" polypeptide saw, li no txoj kev globular protein molecule.

Poov tshuaj ions yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov thauj ntawm yam los ntawm cov cell week. phosphorus atoms yog ib feem ntawm qhov no tseem ceeb heev zog-intensive tshuaj xws li adenosine triphosphate, thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov molecules ntawm deoxyribonucleic thiab ribonucleic acids, uas yog lub ntsiab tshuaj cell caj.

Txoj lw kev ua nyob rau hauv cellular metabolism

Hais txog 50 tshuaj ntsiab constituting tsawg tshaj li 0.1% nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, hu ua microcells. Cov no muaj xws zinc, molybdenum, iodine, tooj liab, cobalt, fluorine. Nrog tsawg txij nkawm lawv ua tau ib tug tseem ceeb heev muaj nuj nqi, ua ib feem ntawm ntau biologically active tshuaj.

Piv txwv li, lub zinc atoms yog nyob rau hauv lub insulin molecule (pancreatic lawm regulating ntshav qab zib theem), iodine yog ib tug constituent ntawm lub thyroid hormones - thyroxine thiab triiodothyronine tswj rau theem ntawm kev metabolism hauv lub cev. Tooj, nrog rau hlau ions muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv hematopoiesis (lub tsim ntawm cov ntshav liab, qe ua ntshav khov thiab qe ntshav dawb nyob rau hauv lub hlwb pob txha ntawm vertebrates). Tooj ions yog muaj nyob rau hauv hemocyanin xim tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm invertebrates, xws shellfish. Yog li ntawd, cov xim ntawm lawv hemolymph xiav.

Ntau tsawg cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub cell xws tshuaj hais xws li txhuas, kub, bromine, nyiaj. Lawv hu ua ultromikroelementami thiab ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj hlwb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsom xam maize weevil kub ions tau kuaj. Bromine atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm hlwb muaj nyob rau hauv lub thalli ntawm xim av thiab liab algae, xws li Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

Tag nrho cov yav tas los cov piv txwv thiab cov lus tseeb piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas sib xyaw tshuaj nyob tus yeees, muaj nuj nqi thiab cov qauv ntawm lub hlwb. Cov nram qab no qhia tau hais tias tus txheem ntawm ntau yam tshuaj hais nyob rau hauv lub hlwb uas muaj sia nyob.

General yam ntxwv ntawm cov organic tebchaw

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub hlwb ntawm txawv pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev nyob rau cov pa roj carbon atoms, uas dab tsi rau ntau tshaj 50% ntawm cell loj. Xyaum tag nrho cov qhuav cell teeb meem yog sawv cev carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog, nucleic acids thiab lipids, uas muaj ib tug complex qauv thiab siab molecular ceeb thawj. Tej molecules yog hu ua macromolecules (polymers) thiab tseem muaj li ntawm yooj yim hais - monomers. Protein tshuaj ua si ib tug tsis tshua tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm thiab ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev khiav dej num, uas yuav sib tham txog hauv qab no.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cell

Biochemical tsom xam ntawm lub tebchaw nkag mus rau hauv ib tug nyob ntawm tes, qhia theem siab cov ntsiab ntawm cov organic tshuaj xws li proteins. Qhov tseeb muaj ib cov zajlus kom piav: nqaijrog ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev khiav dej num thiab muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yam ntawm cell lub neej.

Piv txwv li, tus tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog yog lub tsim ntawm cov tshuaj - tshuaj ua los ntawm lymphocytes. Tej kev tiv thaiv cov nqaijrog xws li thrombin, fibrin thiab tromboblastin muab ntshav thiab tiv thaiv tau nws tsis nyob rau hauv kev poob plig thiab raug mob. Lub complex muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cell muaj xws li cov cell daim nyias nyias cov nqaijrog muaj cov muaj peev xwm kom paub txog txawv teb chaws tebchaw - antigens. Lawv hloov lawv configuration thiab daim ntawv qhia txog cell ntawm lub peev xwm tsis muaj (tswb muaj nuj nqi).

Ib txhia cov nqaijrog muaj ib tug ntxawg muaj nuj nqi thiab yog cov tshuaj hormones, xws li oxytocin, ua los ntawm cov hypothalamus, pituitary loo. Tswv yim los ntawm nws mus rau hauv cov ntshav, oxytocin ua rau cov nqaij phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev me nyuam, ua nws yuav txo tau. vasopressin protein kuj ua hauj lwm pab ib tug ntxawg muaj nuj nqi los ntawm kev tswj ntshav siab.

Cov mob hlwb yog actin thiab myosin, muaj peev xwm sawv rau cov ntsws, uas ua rau lub cev muaj zog muaj nuj nqi ntawm tej nqaij. Rau cov nqaijrog, raug thiab trophic muaj nuj nqi, e.g., albumin embryo siv raws li ib tug as rau txoj kev loj hlob. Ntshav cov nqaijrog ntawm ntau yam kab mob, xws li hemoglobin thiab hemocyanin, oxygen molecules yog kis - khiav lag luam thauj muaj nuj nqi. Yog hais tias ntau zog haus tshuaj xws li carbohydrates thiab lipids, siv tag nrho, lub cell pib mus ua txhaum down proteins. Ib gram ntawm cov khoom no 17 muab 2 kJ ntawm lub zog. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws zog ntawm cov nqaijrog yog catalytic (cov nqaijrog, enzymes kom tshuaj tshua nyob hauv cytoplasmic compartments). Raws li cov saum toj no, peb pom tau hais tias cov proteins muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tseem ceeb heev functions thiab tsim nyog yog ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm tes.

protein biosynthesis

Xav txog cov txheej txheem uas muaj protein ntau synthesis nyob rau hauv ib lub cell, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm organelles xws li ribosomes. Tsaug rau cov kev ua ntawm kev enzymes, nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov ribosome calcium ions muab polysomes. Lub ntsiab functions ntawm lub ribosomes nyob rau hauv lub cell - lub synthesis ntawm cov protein molecules, pib lub transcription txheej txheem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nws yog tsim mRNA molecules, uas yog txuas polysomes. Ces pib lub thib ob mus sib hais - tawm. Thauj RNA khi rau nees nkaum ntau hom amino acids thiab coj lawv mus rau lub polysomes, thiab txij li thaum lub muaj nuj nqi ntawm ribosomes nyob rau hauv lub cell - ib tug synthesis ntawm polypeptides, cov organelles tsim ceg nrog tRNA, thiab cov amino acid molecules yog txuas ua ke los ntawm peptide bonds tsim tau ib cov protein macromolecule.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov dej nyob hauv metabolism

Cytological kev tshawb fawb tau paub tseeb hais tias qhov tseeb hais tias lub cell qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg uas peb kawm, ib tug nruab nrab ntawm 70% dej, thiab nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam tsiaj, ua ib tug dej txoj kev ntawm lub neej (xws li, coelenterates) nws cov ntsiab lus nce mus txog 97-98%. Nyob rau hauv view ntawm no tshuaj lub koom haum ntawm lub hlwb muaj xws li hydrophilic (muaj peev xwm ntawm dissolving) thiab hydrophobic (dej-repellent) cov ntaub ntawv uas. Raws li ib tug universal ncov qaumteb qabteb hnyav, dej plays ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm thiab muaj ib tug ncaj qha feem tsis tsuas yog nyob rau cov nuj nqi, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub heev tus qauv ntawm lub hlwb. Cov nram qab no qhia tau hais tias cov dej ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ntau hom hlwb uas muaj sia nyob.

Cov nuj nqi ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cell

Raws li peb piav ua ntej lawm, rau ib qho tseem ceeb organic chemicals - polymers - yog tseem carbohydrates. Cov no muaj xws polysaccharides, oligosaccharides thiab monosaccharides. Carbohydrates yog ib feem ntawm ntau lub nruab - glycolipids thiab glycoproteins, uas yog lub tsev ntawm cellular week thiab nadmembrannye qauv, e.g. glycocalyx.

Tsis tas li ntawd carbon nyob rau hauv lub carbohydrate muaj xws li atoms ntawm Hydrogen thiab oxygenation, thiab ib co polysaccharides muaj ntau nitrogen, sulfur thiab phosphorus. Lub hlwb ntawm ntau tsob nroj carbohydrates: Qos yaj ywm tubers muaj txog li 90% cov hmoov txhuv nplej nyob rau hauv cov noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo carbohydrate cov ntsiab lus mus txog rau 70%, thiab cov tsiaj hlwb yog pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm xws tebchaw li glycogen, chitin thiab trehalose.

Tej yam yooj yim suab thaj (monosaccharides) muaj cov kev mis CnH2nOn thiab muab faib ua tetroses, triose, pentose thiab hexose. Lub ob yog cov feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub hlwb uas muaj sia nyob, piv txwv li, ribose thiab deoxyribose yog ib feem ntawm nucleic acids, thiab piam thaj thiab fructose yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm assimilation thiab dissimilation. Oligosaccharides yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cog hlwb: sucrose yog muab cia rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm qab zib beet thiab qab zib pas nrig, maltose muaj nyob rau hauv caryopses germinated rye thiab barley.

Disaccharides muaj ib tug Sweet saj thiab yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Polysaccharides, yog tus biopolymers muaj feem ntawm starch, cellulose, glycogen thiab laminarin. Cov yam ntxwv ntaub ntawv muaj xws li polysaccharides chitin. Lub hom muaj nuj nqi ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cell - lub zog. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hydrolysis tshua thiab lub zog metabolism cleaved polysaccharides rau piam thaj, thiab nws yog ces oxidized rau carbon dioxide thiab dej. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug gram ntawm zib tawm 17,6 kJ ntawm lub zog, thiab reserves ntawm starch thiab glycogen, yog tseem cellular zog reservoir.

Glycogen yog tso mas nyob rau hauv cov nqaij thiab mob hlwb, zaub cov hmoov txhuv nplej - nyob rau hauv tubers, qhov muag teev, keeb kwm, noob thiab arthropods, xws li kab laug sab, kab thiab crustaceans, lub ntsiab luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zog mov plays ib tug oligosaccharide trehalose.

Carbohydrates yog txawv los ntawm lipids thiab cov proteins, cov muaj peev xwm mus anoxic degradation. Qhov no yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tsis muaj peev xwm los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov pa, xws li co kab mob, thiab helminths - cab ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj.

Yog lwm muaj nuj nqi ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cell - siv (structural). Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov tshuaj txhawb lug ntawm lub hlwb. Piv txwv li, cellulose yog ib feem ntawm lub cell phab ntsa ntawm cov nroj tsuag, chitin ntaub ntawv ib tug txheej cev pob txha thiab ntau invertebrates tshwm sim nyob rau hauv fungal hlwb, olisaharidy ua ke nrog lipids thiab cov proteins molecules tsim glycocalyx - nadmembranny complex. Nws muab adhesion - nruab nrab ntawm ib tug clumping tsiaj hlwb, uas ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.

Lipids: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Cov organic tshuaj, uas yog hydrophobic (dej insoluble) yuav raug tshem tawm, i.e. rho tawm los ntawm lub hlwb los ntawm nonpolar kuab tshuaj, xws li acetone los yog chloroform. muaj nuj nqi ntawm lipids nyob rau hauv lub cell nyob rau uas ntawm peb pab pawg lawv yuav: rau cov rog, waxes los yog Steriods. Sibhawm yog cov feem ntau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawm lub hlwb.

Tsiaj txhu noog lawv nyob rau hauv lub subcutaneous adipose ntaub so ntswg, neural cov ntaub so ntswg muaj muaj roj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov myelin sheath ntawm qab haus huv. Nws kuj accumulates nyob rau hauv lub ob lub raum, lub siab, kab - nyob rau hauv cov roj lub cev. Kua rog - roj - nyob rau hauv cov noob ntawm ntau yam nroj tsuag: ntoo thuv, txiv laum huab xeeb, paj noob hlis, tus txiv. Lub lipid cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub hlwb yog hom twg ntawm 5 mus rau 90% (nyob rau hauv lub adipose ntaub so ntswg).

Cov tshuaj steriods kho thiab waxes txawv los ntawm cov rog nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm fatty acid residues. Yog li ntawd, yuam - nws yog cov tshuaj hormones adrenal cortex, rau tiav nkauj tiav nraug lub cev thiab uas yog Cheebtsam ntawm testosterone. Lawv yog cov kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov vitamins (e.g., vitamin D).

Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lipids nyob rau hauv lub cell - yog lub zog, kev tsim kho thiab kev tiv thaiv. Tus thawj yog vim lub fact tias 1 gram ntawm rog nyob rau hauv lub cleavage muab 38,9 kJ ntawm lub zog - ntau npaum li cas tshaj lwm yam organic tshuaj - cov nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub oxidation uas muaj roj 1D nws stands yuav luag 1.1 c. dej. Uas yog vim li cas ib co tsiaj muaj ib tug Tshuag ntawm rog nyob rau hauv koj lub cev yuav ua tau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tsis muaj dej. Piv txwv li, Gophers yuav ua tau dormant rau ntau tshaj li ob lub hlis, tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov dej, thiab tsis txhob haus dej haus dej ntxhuav ntawm zaus ntawm lub suab puam rau 10-12 hnub.

Siv cov kev faib ntawm lipids muaj nuj nqi lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lawv yog ib feem ntawm cell week, raws li zoo raws li ib feem ntawm lub paj. Cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm lipids muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov roj txheej hauv qab daim tawv nqaij ib ncig ntawm lub ob lub raum thiab lwm yam hauv nruab nrog cev tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab raug mob. Kev thermal rwb thaiv tsev muaj nuj nqi yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj txhu rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov dej: whales, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, plaub cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Tuab subcutaneous adipose txheej, piv txwv li, xiav whale yog 0.5 m, nws tiv thaiv cov tsiaj los ntawm hypothermia.

Tus nqi Pa nyob rau hauv cellular metabolism

Aerobic kab mob, uas muaj xws li cov kev nyuaj siab loj feem ntau ntawm cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag thiab cov txiv neej, siv atmospheric oxygen rau lub zog pauv tshua ua rau lub cleavage ntawm cov organic tshuaj thiab qhov qee ntawm ib qhov nqi ntawm lub zog sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov molecules ntawm adenosine triphosphate.

Yog li, kom oxidation ntawm ib tug tias cov zib uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub mitochondrial cristae, 2800 kJ ntawm lub zog yog faib, ntawm uas 1596 kJ (55%) yog muab cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ATP molecules muaj macroergic kev twb kev txuas. Yog li, cov thawj muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv lub cell - qhov kev siv ntawm aerobic ua pa, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg ntawm enzymatic tshua thiaj li hu ua pa saw tshwm sim nyob rau hauv organelles - mitochondria. Nyob rau hauv prokaryotic kab mob - phototrophic kab mob thiab cyanobacteria - oxidation cov as-ham tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov pa diffusing rau hauv lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub internal protuberances ntawm ntshav week.

Peb muaj tshuaj lub koom haum ntawm lub hlwb tau raug kawm, raws li tau zoo raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein synthesis thiab cov pa muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv cellular zog metabolism.