TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Quaternary lub sij hawm ntawm lub Cenozoic Era: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab inhabitants

Xeem geological thiab tam sim no los Quaternary twb cais nyob rau hauv 1829 los ntawm tus paub txog Jules Desnoyers. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws tseem hu ua anthropogenic. Tus sau ntawm no lub npe nyob rau hauv 1922, los ua ib tug geologist Alexey Pavlov. Nws teg num nws xav mus sab laj txog tias qhov no lub sij hawm yog txuam nrog rau cov tsos ntawm ib tug neeg.

Lub uniqueness ntawm lub sij hawm

Piv rau lwm geological lub sij hawm ntawm lub Quaternary lub sij hawm txawv tsis tshua muaj neeg luv luv ntev (tag nrho cov 1,65 lab. Years). Ntxiv hnub no, nws tseem tsis tiav. Lwm feature - tus nyob rau hauv lub Quaternary sediments ntawm tib neeg kab lis kev cai residues. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau yam thiab mob climatic hloov, dramatically pawg ib puag ncig ntuj.

Recurrent txias ua glaciation sab qaum teb latitudes thiab ntxoov qis latitudes. Warming tshwm sim los raws nraim cov lus rov nyhuv. Sedimentary formations ntawm yav dhau los millennia txawv complex qauv ntawm cov kev txiav txheeb ze brevity ntawm daim ntawv thiab variegated khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Quaternary yog muab faib ua ob lub sij hawm (los yog department): Pleistocene thiab Holocene. Cov ciam teb ntawm lawv cov lus dag nyob ib ncig ntawm 12 txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Tsiv teb tsaws ntawm muaj thiab fauna

Los ntawm cov heev thaum pib ntawm lub Quaternary lub sij hawm twb yus muaj los ntawm ze rau niaj hnub nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj lub neej. Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub fund yog nkaus nyob rau hauv lub succession ntawm txias thiab sov. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm glaciation cold- hom migrated sab qab teb thiab tov nrog neeg sab nraud. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm muaj zog nruab nrab kub yog qhov rov qab txheej txheem. Thaum lub sij hawm no, zoo heev nthuav rau thaj tsam ntawm kev sib hais haum yog muaj mob pesnrab sov, subtropical thiab teb chaws sov muaj thiab fauna. Rau ib txhia lub sij hawm, nws zoo tag nrho tundra lub koom haum ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb no.

Muaj muaj ob peb lub sij hawm kom hloov mus rau radically hloov tej yam kev mob. Muaj ntau qeeg thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no twb cim los ntawm cov Quaternary lub sij hawm. Kev nyab xeeb ua viav vias tau coj mus rau lub impoverishment ntawm broad-leaved thiab evergreen cov ntaub ntawv, raws li zoo raws li lub expansion ntawm herbaceous hom vaj tse.

Cov evolution ntawm cov tsiaj

Qhov tseem ceeb cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cov tsiaj cuam tshuam cov tsiaj (nyob rau hauv kev lub degree ntawm ungulates thiab Proboscidea nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Hemisphere). Nyob rau hauv lub Pleistocene vim cia li climatic shocks tuag tawm ntau thermophilic hom. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rau cov tib yog vim li cas muaj cov tshiab tsiaj uas zoo nruj heev heev rau nyob rau hauv hnyav ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Lub ncov extinction fauna mus txog ntawm lub Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 txhiab xyoo dhau los). Txawm li cas los, txias ntawm lub platform cover tsim txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub Quaternary.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub Pliocene South Eastern Europe yog lub tsev mus rau mastodons, yav qab teb ntxhw hipparions, saber-toothed tsov, rhinos thiab Etruscan t. D. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntawm lub qub ntiaj teb nyob ostriches thiab hippos. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Pleistocene fauna pib hloov radically. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm lub Dnieper glaciation, ntau thermophilic hom tsiv sab qab teb. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev coj pauv faib cheeb tsam muaj. Era Cainozoic (Quaternary tshwj xeeb tshaj yog) tej lub dag lub zog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawm lub neej.

quaternary bestiary

Nyob rau hauv yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm lub glacier muaj xws li hom thawj, zoo li lub mammoth, woolly phaw twj kum, reindeer, musk-twm, lemming, dawb grouse. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ua neej nyob tau nyob rau hauv txias rau tej thaj chaw. Qhov tsua tom tsov ntxhuav, bears, hyenas, rhinos thiab lwm yam giant-hlub thawj nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam tau ua tu noob.

Lub nyab xeeb tsim nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, lub Alps, lub Carpathians thiab lub Pyrenees, yuam ntau hom mus rau tawm hauv roob siab siab thiab kho nyob rau hauv lub hav. Woolly rhinos thiab mammoths nyob txawm yav qab teb cov teb chaws Europe (tsis hais tus tag nrho ntawm Siberia, qhov twg lawv poob rau hauv North America). Relict fauna ntawm teb chaws Australia, South America, South thiab Central Africa dim tsaug rau nws cov kev rho tawm los ntawm tus so ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Mammoths thiab lwm yam tsiaj yog zoo yoog mus rau qhov hnyav kev nyab xeeb, los ua tu noob nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Holocene. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias txawm heev heev glaciation txog 2/3 ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto yog tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov dej khov ntawv.

tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob

Raws li hais saum toj no, txawv cov ntsiab lus txhais Quaternary ua tsis tau tsis muaj tus "tib neeg." Lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus neeg - lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov no cov keeb kwm lub sij hawm. Qhov chaw ntawm tshwm sim tshaj plaws ancient cov neeg yog tam sim no xam tau tias yog sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Africa.

Ancestral daim ntawv ntawm niaj hnub tug txiv neej - lub australopithecines, uas sawv daws khoom ib mus rau lub tsev neeg ntawm hominids. Raws li rau ntau yam kev kwv yees, cov thawj lub sij hawm lawv tau nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa, 5 lab lub xyoo dhau los. Australopithecus maj pib taug kev upright thiab omnivorous. Hais txog 2 lab lub xyoo dhau los, lawv kawm tau mus ua txheej thaum ub cov cuab yeej. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug ua ke txiv neej. Ib tug lab xyoo dhau los tsim Pithecanthropus, qhov seem uas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Hungary thiab Tuam Tshoj.

Neanderthals thiab niaj hnub tib neeg

350 txhiab xyoo dhau los muaj Paleoanthropes (los yog Neandertals), tu noob 35,000 xyoo dhau los. Ib co kua nplaum ntawm lawv cov kev ua muaj nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb thiab nruab nrab latitudes ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Paleanthropic hloov los ntawm niaj hnub tib neeg (neanthropines los yog homo sapines). Lawv thawj nkag mus hauv lub America thiab Australia, raws li zoo raws li heev heev islands colonized los ntawm ob peb lub dej hiav txwv.

Twb qhov ntxov tshaj plaws neanthropines yuav luag tsis sib txawv los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no. Lawv yog cov zoo thiab sai sai hloov mus rau kev nyab xeeb kev hloov thiab tau kawm skillfully lis lub pob zeb. Cov hominids tau txais pob txha artifacts, txheej thaum ub seev suab paj nruas, tej khoom ntawm fine art, duab, hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Quaternary nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Russia tshuav heev heev archeological chaw muaj feem xyuam rau neanthropines. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov kwv tij mus rau feem ntau sab qaum teb cheeb tsam. Cua txias neeg tau kawm kom ciaj sia nrog rau kev pab los ntawm pluab cov khaub ncaws thiab hluav taws kub. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, Quaternary Western Siberia kuj tau pom cov expansion ntawm cov neeg ua nkag mus rau tshiab ib ncig. 5000 xyoo dhau los cov hnub nyoog bronze, 3000 xyoo dhau los - hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia, Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab lub Mediterranean originated chaw ntawm ancient civilization.

minerals

Zaum no faib ua ob peb pab pawg ntawm cov minerals uas tau ncaim peb lub Quaternary lub sij hawm. Deposits ntawm lub xeem xyoo txhiab yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm deposits, uas tsis yog-nws yog xim hlau thiab combustible cov ntaub ntawv, ores ntawm sedimentary keeb kwm. Paub littoral thiab alluvial deposits. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj lwm yam minerals tawm ntawm lub Quaternary lub sij hawm: kub, diamonds, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile thiab zircon.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug loj tus nqi sib txawv ntawm cov hlau ores ntawm lub pas dej thiab pas dej-hav iav keeb kwm. Qhov no pab pawg neeg kuj muaj xws li manganese thiab mednovanadievye deposits. Tej pawg muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv.

Lub richness ntawm lub subsoil

Txawm niaj hnub no tseem eroding lub equatorial thiab teb chaws sov cov pob zeb ntawm lub Quaternary lub sij hawm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no yog tsim laterite. Xws li ib tug tsim yog coated nrog txhuas thiab hlau thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb African minerals. Metalliferous ua kiav txhab tib latitudes nplua nuj tso ntawm npib tsib xee, cobalt, tooj liab, manganese, raws li zoo raws li refractory txais av ya.

Nyob rau hauv lub Quaternary lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem loj thiab tsis-metallic minerals. Qhov no graviyniki (lawv thoob plaws siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho) thiab txoj kev iav sands, cov pob zeb thiab poov tshuaj ntsev, sulfur, borates, peat, thiab lignite. Nyob rau hauv Quaternary sediments nqhuab xaus lus tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej haus. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub permafrost thiab dej khov. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub xeem geological lub sij hawm tseem lub crown, uas pib ntau tshaj 4.5 billion xyoo dhau los, geological evolution ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

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