Pre-Raphaelite paintings nrog lub npe. Pre-Raphaelite paintings ntxhais

Txij li thaum lub 1850s nyob rau hauv ces, pib los tsim ib tug tshiab kev coj nyob rau hauv cov paj huam thiab painting. Nws twb hu ua "Pre-Raphaelites." Qhov tsab xov xwm pib ua lub ntsiab ntawm lub tswv yim zej zog, muaj tswv yim ntsiab, Pre-Raphaelite paintings nrog lub npe.

Leej twg yog cov Pre-Raphaelites?

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus tau deb ntawm lub boring kawm kev cai thiab muaj tiag kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov Victorian era, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm ntxias tau tsim nws tus kheej kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv kos duab. Nws tau penetrated yuav luag tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej, tsim ib qho kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev sib txuas lus ntawm lawv cov creators. Thiab kos duab, thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub painters yog cov tib lub npe - tus Pre-Raphaelites. Duab tsom lawv affinity nrog rau hauv thaum ntxov Renaissance. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, fraternity lub npe hais lus rau nws tus kheej. Painters xav creators uas ua hauj lwm ua ntej lub sawv ntawm Raphael thiab Michelangelo. Cov lawv - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Kev taw qhia tsim thaum lub sij hawm thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo.

rov tshwm sim

Kom txog thaum lub 1850s tag nrho cov British kos duab yog nyob rau hauv lub tis ntawm cov Royal Academy of Arts. Nws tus thawj tswj hwm, Sir Yausua Reynolds, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam neeg sawv cev ntawm lub official tsev tsis kam txais nrhav thiab thwmsim xav kom nws cov tub kawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, cov nqaim confines ua ob peb ntxias nrog uas zoo sib xws views on kos duab nyob rau hauv kev sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv cov kwvtij nkauj muam. Cov thawj ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev los ua Holman Hunt thiab Dante Rossetti. Lawv tau ntsib nyob rau ntawm ib exhibition nyob rau hauv lub academy thiab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev sib tham, to taub hais tias lawv views yog heev uas zoo sib xws.

Rossetti sau painting "Cov hluas ntawm nkauj xwb Mary" nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, thiab Hunt pab nws tas nws tsis muaj nqi, tiam sis cov lo lus. Twb tau nyob rau 1849, lub canvas twb splashed rau tus yeeb yam. Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas pom zoo hais tias cov niaj hnub kawm lus Askiv painting yog yuav los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sov ua licas revive no kos duab daim ntawv no, nws yog tsim nyog rov qab mus rau tsim doakademicheskim, rau simplicity thiab sensuality.

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev

Xub thawj, lub Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, uas nws cov duab tau nqus lub neej tshiab mus rau hauv lub British kab lis kev cai, muaj xya neeg.

1. Holman Hunt. Nws nyob tau ib lub neej ntev, nyob muaj tseeb rau nws views on kos duab kom txog thaum nws tuag. Nws yog tus sau ob peb cov ntaub ntawv, qhia rau peb txog cov kwvtij nkauj muam neeg thiab piav qhia txog lub pre-Raphaelite paintings. Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws paintings ntawm cov neeg pleev - "Duab ntxoov ntxoo uas tuag" (kev cai dab qhuas painting ntawm Yexus), "Isabella thiab lub lauj kaub ntawm Basil" (raws li nyob rau hauv cov paj huam Dzhona Kitsa), "scapegoat" (sau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm biblical dab neeg).

2. Dzhon Mille. Nws yog lub npe hu raws li tus yau me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub Academy of Arts, uas tom qab ua nws tus thawj tswj hwm. John tom qab ib tug ntev kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Pre-Raphaelite kwv ua tij renounced. Kom pub rau nws tsev neeg, nws pib mus rau xim portraits rau kev txiav txim thiab ua tau zoo. Cov mas zoo kawg li ua hauj lwm - "Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm nws niam txiv" (kev cai dab qhuas daim duab, tag nrho ntawm cov cim ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej lub neej thiab kev tuag ntawm Tswv Yexus), "Ophelia" (sau nyob rau hauv lub rov hauv paus ntawm "Hamlet"), "npuas" (painting ntawm lub caij lub sij hawm ntawm creativity, tau ua nto moo li advertising xab npum).

3. Dante Rossetti. Cov paintings yog lawm ua tus sau nrog tus cult ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab eroticism ntawm cov poj niam. Nws tus poj niam Elizabeth los ua ib tug loj muse ntawm cov neeg pleev. Nws txoj kev tuag undermined lub Dante. Nws muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv lub hleb ntawm nws phau tau txhais ntawm cov kwv huam, tab sis tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos, los rau nws tus kheej, tau ua lub exhumation thiab coj lawv los ntawm lub qhov ntxa. Notable tej hauj lwm: "Foom koob hmoov rau Beatrice" (xwm li tus poj niam ntawm Dante, uas yog nruab nrab ntawm lub neej thiab kev tuag), "Proserpina" (Roman vajtswv poj niam nrog ib tug grenade nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes), "Veronica Veronese" (piv txwv txog painting uas qhia lub tswv yim txoj kev).

4. Maykl Rossetti. Dante tus tij laug, uas kuj kawm nyob rau Academy. Tab sis thaum kawg kuv tau xaiv ib txog kev critic thiab txawj sau ntawv. Pre-Raphaelite paintings raug dua raug rau nws indiscriminately. Nws yog ib tug biography ntawm nws tus tij laug. Nws formulated qhov yooj yim lub tswvyim ntawm kev taw qhia.

5. Tomas Vulner. Nws yog ib tug sculptor thiab kws sau paj lug. Nyob rau hauv nws thaum ntxov ua hauj lwm nws txaus siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm lub pre-Raphaelites, tig mus rau lub ntuj thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account lub me ntsiab lus. Nws luam tawm cov kwv huam nyob rau hauv lub magazine ntawm cov kwvtij nkauj muam, tab sis, ces taug kev deb los ntawm lawv cov kev tswv yim thiab feeb meej nyob rau hauv classical cov ntaub ntawv.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist thiab kos duab critic. Zoo nkauj tsis ntev nws tau los ua disillusioned nrog cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg pleev kob thiab teem rau kev thuam. Nws suav hais tias nws lub hom phiaj los piav cov pej xeem lub hom phiaj ntawm lub brotherhood thiab muaj yeeb koob Pre-Raphaelite paintings. Nws fwm ib co ntawm nws paintings: "Lub Marquis thiab Griselda", "Leej niam thiab tus me nyuam", "tuag King Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Kuv yog ib tug believer, nws thiaj li pleev xim rau kev cai dab qhuas kev kawm. Kuv tawm hauv lub zej lub zos tom qab Millet painting twb thuam nyob rau hauv xovxwm thiab hu ua blasphemous. Ntawm nws cov hauj lwm - "Tus Vaj Family", "Tsis pom zoo Elizabeth ntawm Hungary", "Cov muam".

Pre-Raphaelite paintings uas tshwm sim los ib tug ntau ntawm controversy, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm like-minded neeg. Lawv tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub brotherhood, tab sis adhered mus rau qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim. Cov lawv - lub artist L. Amas-Tadema, designer F. M. Brown, cov neeg pleev William Deverell, embroiderer M. Morris, kws kos duab Hughes thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov thuam nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem

Chiv, pre-Raphaelite paintings twb tau ntsib los ntawm critics heev sov so. Lawv zoo li ib tug ua tsis taus pa ntawm huab cua ntshiab. Txawm li cas los, qhov teeb meem no escalated tom qab lub cuav nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm lub ob peb kev cai dab qhuas paintings, sau nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog-raws li cov kev canons.

Nyob rau hauv kev, lub painting "Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm nws niam txiv" Mille txhuam. Nyob rau canvas depicts austere cua, tsev teb, nyob ze uas grazing yaj ntawm pab yaj. Nkauj xwb txhos caug ua ntej lub me ntsis Yexus, uas raug mob nws txhais tes nrog ib tug ntsia hlau. Millet tau sau daim duab no cim. Ib tug los ntshav tes - ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntsia saum ntoo Khaublig, tais nrog dej, uas muaj John the Baptist - lub cim ntawm Epiphany, ib tug nquab zaum rau ntawm lub stairs, yog nrhiav tau nrog tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig, cov yaj - nrog tus dawb huv raug tsim txom.

Critics tau hu no painting blasphemous. Cov ntawv xov xwm "Lub sij hawm" dubbed nrag ntxeev siab nyob rau hauv kos duab. Lwm tus, taw mus rau ib tug sib piv ntawm cov tsev neeg dawb huv nrog cov neeg, yus li kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Millet lub outrageous thiab qias neeg.

Rossetti daim duab "Annunciation" kuj nyob rau hauv nres. Neeg pleev kob tshaj deb ntawm lub biblical canon, tus ntxhais nkauj xwb hnav dawb cov khaub ncaws. Nyob rau canvas yog tso tawm ntshai. YOG Pob zeb critic zoo lub Pre-Raphaelite ua hauj lwm nrog worthless archeology.

Leej twg paub dab tsi yuav tau txoj hmoo rau lub fraternity, yog hais tias tsis nyob rau hauv nws sab ua lub critic Dzhon Roskin, uas nws lub tswv yim suav tag nrho.

Nyhuv authoritative tus neeg

Dzhon Roskin yog cov kos duab keeb kwm thiab tau sau ntau tshaj ib tug scientific ua hauj lwm ua ntej ntsib nrog lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Pre-Raphaelites. Yuav ua li cas yog nws surprise thaum nws pom tau hais tias tag nrho cov kev xav thiab cov tswv yim muab tawm nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom, tau pom lawv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub brotherhood ntawm lub canvas.

Ruskin advocated allergic rau hauv lub essence ntawm qhov, mloog kom meej, qhov kev ncua yuam los ntawm lub canons thiab cov duab scenes raws li lawv yuav tsum tau. Tag nrho cov no yog muaj thiab pre-Raphaelite kev pab cuam.

Ib tug critic tau sau ob peb cov khoom rau "lub sij hawm", uas qhuas cov ua hauj lwm ntawm kev ntxias. Nws yuav ib co ntawm lawv paintings, cov yuav txhawb ntxias, thiab tej kev zoo, thiab nyiaj txiag. Ruskin nyiam tus tshiab thiab txawv txawv style ntawm painting roj paintings. Pre-Raphaelites tom qab tsim ob peb portraits ntawm nws protector thiab patron.

Cov zajlus

Chiv, qhov nyuab muab heev dua lwm yam rau cov evangelical kawm, ntawm cov kev ntawm cov creators ntawm thaum ntxov Renaissance. Lawv tsis nrhiav kev los ua ib daim duab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj canons. Lub ntsiab aim yog mus rau cov hloov hauv lub philosophical xav txog lub hom ntaub khov heev. Uas yog vim li cas lub pre-Raphaelite paintings li ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab ua ib lub cim.

"Hluas ntawm nkauj xwb Mary" Rossetti yog nyob rau hauv keeping nrog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov Victorian era. Nws pom ib tug coj tus hluas nkauj nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm nws niam. Nws yog feem ntau yog portrayed nyeem Dante yog muab tso rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb koob. Nws embroidered nyob rau hom ntaub khov heev ib Lily - ib lub cim ntawm kev coj dawb huv thiab kev txhaum dabtsi. Peb paj rau ib tug kav - Leej Txiv thiab Leej Tub thiab tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig. Xibtes nplooj thiab thistle pos - lub yeej thiab kev nyuaj siab ntawm Mary. Cov duab no yog tsis meaningless khoom, xim thiab cov kev ua - txhua yam no yog taw tes rau philosophical kev txiav txim zoo.

Ib me ntsis tom qab, tus Pre-Raphaelites painters, uas nws cov duab attracted pej xeem xim pib tig los rau lub npe ntawm tib neeg tsis sib xws ( "Lady Lilith"), exploitation ntawm cov poj niam ( "woken kom yus hnav zoo"), mus txawv teb chaws ( "The Xeem ntawm ces").

Ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub brotherhood ntawm tej hauj lwm ua si paintings raws li nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov lus Askiv paj huam thiab sau ntawv. Painters tshwm sim los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Shakespeare, Keats, thiab cov Italian Dante Alighieri.

poj niam dluab

paintings nrog cov ntxhais ntawm cov poj niam cim nyob rau hauv lub Pre-Raphaelite heev varied. Lawv koom siab xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug - nyob rau hauv lawv canvasses reigned poj niam zoo nkauj. Tej portrayed tsis zoo nkauj, siab nqig lawm, nrog ib tug kov ntawm paub tsis meej. Muaj ntau yam kev kawm: foom, kev tuag, unrequited kev hlub, sab ntsuj plig kev coj dawb huv.

Heev feem ntau nws tsa lub npe ntawm luag pojniam luag txiv, qhov twg ib tug poj niam yog raug unseemly teeb. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws muaj ib tug siab phem rau txim rau nws txiav txim.

Cov poj niam feem ntau muab nyob rau hauv tej kev ntxias thiab ntshaw nyob rau hauv lub paintings ntawm tus Pre-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Tab sis muaj ib tug rov qab zajlus, qhov twg tus txiv neej yog tus culprit lub caij nplooj zeeg cov poj niam (raws li nyob rau hauv lub paintings ntawm "Marianne", "woken kom yus hnav zoo").

lub Model

Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv rau nws paintings cov artist xaiv cov phooj ywg thiab cov txheeb ze. Rossetti feem ntau sau ntawv mus rau kuv niam thiab tus muam ( "The hluas ntawm nkauj xwb Mary"), tab sis kuj resorted mus rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm nws cov hluas nkauj Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Thaum Elizabeth yog ciaj sia, nws tus poj niam, poj niam dluab nrhiav nws lub ntsej muag.

Effie Grey, tus poj niam ntawm Millet thiab cov ex-tus poj niam ntawm Ruskin, tau yuav nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis "Qhov kev txiav txim rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm" Portrait ntawm John thiab txhuam.

Annie Miller, Bride Hunt, nyiag luag tag nrho cov ntxias ntawm lub brotherhood. Nws yog xwm nyob rau hauv lub paintings ntawm "Elena Troyanskaya", "woken kom yus hnav zoo", "Poj niam nyob rau hauv daj."

ua hauj lwm

Ua hauj lwm sau tsuas yog ib ntawm qhov nyuab nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia. Lawv tuaj tawm ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv chaw ua hauj lwm thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qhib cua. Qhov no pab tau painters mus ntes txhua xeem kom meej, lawv daim duab yog zoo meej.

Siv sij hawm rau qib Pre-Raphaelites tsuag, thiaj li kom tsis txhob nco ib zaug xwb nthuav dav. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ib Titanic siab ntev thiab lub peev xwm los tsim. Tej zaum vim cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev pab cuam tsis tau nrhiav toj roob hauv pes kev taw qhia xws loj hlob raws li lwm lwm yam.

Feem ntau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm painting qhov nyob rau hauv paintings Hunt siab reflected "English ntug dej hiav txwv" thiab Millais 'Caij nplooj zeeg Nplooj ".

disintegration

Tom qab ob peb kev vam meej miv ntawm lub Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood pib vau sib nrug heev. Nqa ua ke lawv kev hlub ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog tsis txaus. Sawv daws twb nrhiav nws txoj kev. Hunt ib leeg tseem ncaj ncees rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm no sib txog rau thaum xaus.

Tseeb tuaj nyob rau hauv 1853, thaum Millais yog tus tswv cuab ntawm lub Royal Academy. Brotherhood tsoo mus txog kiag li. Ib txhia tau tsiv tawm ntawm painting rau ib ntev lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, Rossetti coj li sau ntawv).

Txawm tias lub sij cessation ntawm lub neej, lub Pre-Raphaelites ua raws li cov kev taw qhia rau tej lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, lub sijhawm ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov duab thiab ib tug ob peb dav dav distorted.

lig Pre-Raphaelites

Kev nyuab, sawv cev rau tom qab theem ntawm chav kawm, xws li Simeon Xatau-ntoos (kev ua hauj lwm captures lub essence ntawm lub zog thiab homosexual aestheticism motives), E-mail De Morgan (sau rau mythological ntxhais, xws li "Ariadne auf Naxos"), kws kos duab Genri Forda.

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntxias uas tau pab cov Pre-Raphaelite paintings. Duab ntawm ib co ntawm lawv feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub British xovxwm. Nws Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton thiab lwm tus neeg.

nqi

Prerafaelitizm hu ua luag tus thawj artistic cov kev taw qhia ntawm ces, uas yog npe nrov thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Txhua critic los yog sau muaj nws tus kheej lub tswv yim thiab txoj cai los ntsuam xyuas cov creativity ntawm painters. Undoubtedly tsuas yog ib yam - nws yog penetrated rau hauv tag nrho cov yam ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Tam sim no ntau npaum li cas reinvented. Sau tshiab scientific tej hauj lwm, xws li "Pre-Raphaelites. Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm 500 paintings." Ib tug neeg los txog rau lub xaus hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no sib yog tus thawj ntawm lub Symbolists. Ib tug neeg hais txog kev tshoov siab ntawm tus Pre-Raphaelite hippie thiab txawm Dzhona Tolkina.

Canvases tshaaj nyob rau hauv ua puas nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv. Contrary kom nrov kev ntseeg, pre-Raphaelite paintings nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage yog tsis khaws cia. Exhibition ntawm paintings twb xub qhia nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 2008 nyob rau Tretyakov Gallery.