Phylogenetic tooj ntawm nees - "icon" ntawm lub evolutionary txheej txheem

Ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu thiab feem ntau kawm ntawm lub pob txha pov thawj rau evolution yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov niaj hnub phylogenetic odnopalyh ungulates. Ntau paleontological finds thiab nrhiav txoj ntaub ntawv muab ib tug pov thawj scientific paus ntawm no series. Piav Lavxias teb sab biologist Vladimirom Onufrievichem Kovalevskim nyob rau hauv 1873 phylogenetic series ntawm tus nees thiab hnub no yog lub "icon" ntawm evolutionary paleontology.

Cov evolution los ntawm lub centuries

Lub phylogenetic evolution ntawm lub series - nws yog, successive hloov ntaub ntawv ua mus rau tsim ntawm niaj hnub hom. Los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm chav nyob ntawm lub series tej zaum yuav ua kom tiav los yog ib nrab, tab sis cov nyob rau ntawm successive hloov ntaub ntawv yog ib tug yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau lawv cov hauj lwm.

Phylogenetic tooj ntawm nees xa mus rau lub pov thawj ntawm evolution yog vim lub xub ntiag ntawm xws li ib tug sib lawv liag ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, hloov txhua lwm yam. Plurality ntawm paleontological tshawb pom muab nws ib tug high degree ntawm qhov tseeb.

Piv txwv phylogenetic series

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nees no tsis tsuas ntawm cov piv txwv piav. Zoo kawm thiab muaj ib tug high degree ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm phylogenetic tooj ntawm whales thiab cov noog. Ib tug muaj teeb nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos thiab lub feem ntau lug siv rau ntau yam populist phylogenetic insinuations yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov niaj hnub chimpanzees thiab tib neeg. Kev tsis txaus siab tshaj uas ploj lawm no intermediaries tsis tu tsis tseg nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos. Tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem ntau npaum li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm view, tseem undisputed nqi ntawm cov phylogenetic series raws li lub pov thawj ntawm evolutionary adaptability ntawm cov kab mob no rau hloov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob.

Kev sib txuas lus evolution ntawm nees uas muaj qhov chaw

Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau paub tseeb hais tias cov kev tshawb xav paleontologists O. V. Kovalevskogo ib tug nyob ze kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cev pob txha ntawm lub poj koob yawm txwv nees nrog tej kev hloov. Hloov kev nyab xeeb coj mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, thiab cov pog koob yawg koob niaj hnub odnopalyh hoofed tsiaj yoog mus rau lub neej nyob rau hauv lub steppes. Xav tau ceev zog provoked yam ntxwv hloov thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntiv tes nyob rau hauv lub extremities, kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cev pob txha thiab cov hniav.

Cov thawj txuas rau hauv cov saw

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Eocene, thawj niaj hnub nees prapredok nyob tshaj 65 lab lub xyoo dhau los. Qhov no "tsis tshua muaj nees" los yog Eohippus, uas yog qhov loj ntawm ib tug aub (30 cm), raug raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ko taw povtseg, uas muaj plaub (pem hauv ntej) thiab peb (rov qab) ntiv tes nrog me me hooves. Kuv noj eogippus tua thiab nplooj thiab muaj ib tug lumpy hniav. Dun coloring thiab sib cov plaub hau rau ib tug movable tus Tsov tus tw - qhov no yog ib tug nyob deb txwv zeej txwv koob ntawm cov nees thiab nees txaij nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

intermediates

Hais txog 25 lab lub xyoo dhau los, ntiaj teb no hloov kev nyab xeeb, thiab steppes pib tuaj rau hauv lub hav zoov hloov. Nyob rau hauv lub Miocene (20 lab xyoo dhau los) muaj mesohippus thiab parahippus twb ntau zoo ib yam li niaj hnub nees. Ib tug thawj herbivorous txwv zeej txwv koob nyob rau hauv lub phylogenetic series yog xav tau ib tug nees thiab merikgippusa pliogippusa uas mus rau hauv lub arena ntawm lub neej ob lab lub xyoo dhau los. Hipparion - lub xeem txuas ntawm lub peb-toed

Qhov no txwv zeej txwv koob nyob rau hauv lub Miocene thiab Pliocene nyob rau hauv tej tiaj nrag ntawm North America, Asia thiab teb chaws Africa. Qhov no tridactyl nees, li lub gazelle, tsis tau muaj ib tug ko taw, tab sis kuv yuav khiav ceev ceev, noj nyom thiab hais tias nws tau coj ib tug lossis loj lub teb chaws.

Odnopalaya nees - pliogippus

Cov odnopalye cov neeg sawv cev yuav tshwm sim 5 lab lub xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam raws li hipparions. Environmental tej yam kev mob yuav hloov - ua drier, steppe thiab ho loj hlob. Ntawm no kuj yog tau odnopalost tseem ceeb feature rau cov ciaj sia taus. Cov nees twb nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab 1.2 meters nyob rau lub xub pwg, muaj 19 officers ntawm tav thiab muaj zog cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm ob txhais ceg. Cov hniav tau ua ntev crowns thiab txha hniav laus folds ntawm lub MAAs txheej.

Cov paub nees

Niaj hnub nimno nees raws li ib tug zaum kawg kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub phylogenetic series nyob rau hauv lub lig Neogene, thiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xeem ice hnub nyoog (txog 10,000 xyoo dhau los) nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia twb lab ntawm cov tsiaj qus nees nog nyom. Thaum lub zog ntawm txheej thaum ub tua tsiaj thiab yuav txo tau ntawm pasture ua ib tug tsiaj qus nees rarity twb 4000 xyoo dhau los. Tab sis ob tug ntawm nws cov subspecies - lub tarpan nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Przewalski tus nees nyob rau hauv Mongolia - twb tau los tuav tawm ntev npaum li cas tshaj lwm yam.

qus nees

Niaj hnub no, cov tsiaj qus nees yog yuav luag ploj mus. Zog ntawm Guj kuj yog xav tau tu noob Tarpan thiab Przewalski tus nees nyob rau hauv cov qus tsis tshwm sim. Herds ntawm nees uas nog nyom dawb do, - ib tug feral nyeg daim ntawv. Tej nees ho thiab sai sai rov qab mus rau cov tsiaj qus lub neej, tab sis tseem sib txawv los ntawm qhov muaj tseeb tiag qus nees.

Lawv muaj ntev manes thiab tails, thiab lawv yog unsuited. Kws buckskin nees thiab lub Przewalski qus nees muaj myshastye raws li yog hais cropped bangs, manes thiab tails.

Nyob rau hauv Central thiab North America, cov tsiaj qus nees muaj tau kiag li wiped tawm lub Khab thiab tshwm sim muaj tsuas yog tom qab lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm Europeans nyob rau hauv lub XV caug xyoo. Feral xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm nees conquistadors muab ntxiv rau heev heev herds ntawm Mustangs, tus xov tooj uas yog tswj los ntawm shooting hnub no.

Dhau li mustangs nyob rau hauv North America muaj ob hom ntawm cov tsiaj qus kob Ponies - nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj ntawm Assateague thiab sable. Semi-qus herds ntawm nees Camargue pom nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv lub roob thiab swamps ntawm lub UK, dhau lawm, yuav nrhiav tau ib co tsiaj qus Ponies.

Favorite peb nees

Txiv neej tamed tus nees thiab coj nws ntau tshaj li 300 breeds. Los ntawm heavyweight rau tej yam me me Ponies thiab zoo nraug haiv neeg breeds. txog 50 breeds ntawm nees bred nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - lub Orlov trotter. Heev dua lwm yam dawb xim, zoo heev trot thiab agility - cov qualities thiaj li qhuas Count Orlov, uas yog suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm no ib yam tsiaj.