Pharmaceuticals - dab tsi yog qhov no?

Pharmaceuticals - qhov no ceg ntawm kev lag luam, uas thov kom loj zus tau tej cov qauv tshuaj. Nws yog lub keeb kwm txuas ntxiv ntawm lub khw muag tshuaj. Nruab nrab ntawm ob lub tswv yim thiab txoj kev muab tshuaj yog ib tug tseem ceeb sib txawv.

Tshuaj thiab Pharmaceutics: dab tsi yog qhov txawv?

Tshuaj tau paub txij ancient sij hawm, thaum nws los ua tus thawj manufactured tshuaj. Rau hnub tim, lub khw muag tshuaj - ib tug scientific kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv lub Scope ntawm uas muaj xws li cov creation ntawm cov tshuaj, lub tshawb nrhiav txog lawv cia siab rau, kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub synthesis thiab zus tau tej cov tshuaj, cov kev kawm txog cov mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab ntau npaum li cas. Tsis tas li ntawd qhov kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb yog mus nrhiav rau thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso lam pab. Tshuaj tib yam - nws yog lub muaj ntau lawm ntawm cov tshuaj, lub tom ntej no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub khw muag tshuaj kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pawg ua lag luam.

Pharmaceuticals raws li ib feem ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum nws tau los ua tseeb hais tias cov ntev-paub txoj kev rau siv thiab ua cov tshuaj yuav tsis muab cov loj ua lag luam, thiab lub resulting cov khoom uas artisanal xwm los tsim khoom. Qhov tsim nyog ntawm ib tug neeg tshuaj siv tau heev teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, txhua ib tug kws - "tus kws tshuaj" - muaj nws tus kheej daim ntawv qhia txog ib tug yeeb tshuaj, muaj tsis muaj kev formulation thiab standardization ntawm cov tshuaj.

Los ntawm cov xyoo pua puv 19 pib lub era ntawm standardization thiab cov emergence ntawm lub khw muag tshuaj chains, lub zog pib nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, tom qab to taub txog qhov profitability ntawm cov creation ntawm cov kev kho mob ua lag luam. Tshuaj pib yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj tom qab thawj zaug loj-scale qhauj. Yog li, pharmaceuticals - qhov no hauj zus tau tej cov tshuaj nrog tag nrho nws cov neeg tuaj koom kom txaus siab ntawm high-tech kev lag luam.

Yuav ua li cas puas Pharmaceuticals

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub ntiaj teb no ntawm pharmaceuticals - yog ib thaj tsam ntawm kev paub thiab kev xyaum nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm muaj, loj thiab nqi tag nrho zus tau tej cov tshuaj thiab tshuaj. Nws kawm txhua yam ntawm loj-ua khoom. Nyob rau hauv nws tsis txawj txaus:

• Ib txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov teebmeem ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev.
• Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tshuaj povntawv tshuaj (tshuaj, concentration, thiab li ntawd.).
• Hom ntau npaum cov ntaub ntawv, txoj kev thawj coj nyob rau hauv ntau lawm thiab muag khoom.
• Lub cev lub xeev ntawm medicinal tshuaj (loj, me, zoo, thiab hais txog. D.).
• Cov cuab yeej ntawm loj ntau lawm, cov cav tov thiab khoom siv rau kev lag luam, cov khoom ntau lawm kab.
• Cam tshuaj thiab lawv lub hwj lub kawg cov khoom thiab cov tib neeg lub cev.

txoj kev loj hlob ntawm pharmaceuticals

Cov kev lag luam kws sawv nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, muaj cov thawj lub khw muag tshuaj uas tshuaj tsis tau, tiam sis tsuas yog muag. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm patented tshuaj poob. Cov neeg phais nias ntawm qhov muaj zus tau tej cov tshuaj tau ob tuam txhab uas muag: lub tuam txhab ua ammonia Bohm thiab Pelletier - quinine. Lawv piv txwv tau ua raws li los ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub khw muag khoom khw muag tshuaj, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas tus loj lawm sawv afterwards.

Thaum lub enterprising pharmacists pom tau hais tias pharmaceuticals - nws yog heev muaj txiaj ntsim, lawv pib los lawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov lag luam. Nyob rau hauv 1827, ib tug kws muab tshuaj Merck pib tsim tshuaj raws li tej yam ntuj tso khoom xyaw (morphine, quinine thiab li ntawd.), Uas ntxiv coj nws mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug loj lub tuam txhab. Lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam zoo-paub cov kws hom tau los ua ib tug ib txwm muag tshuaj, piv txwv li, "Schering" (lub teb chaws Yelemees) thiab "Park-Davis" (TEB CHAWS USA).

Pharmaceutics thiab Chemistry

Tsis tsuas yog cov chaw muag tshuaj tas rau qhov kev lag luam. Kws ncaj qha mus txog nrog rau cov tshuaj ua lag luam. Tshuaj khib cov khoom yog cov starting taw tes rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm tuam txhab uas muag, piv txwv li, xws li "Bayer". State txoj cai ntawm patenting tshuaj lub npe kuj pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam.

Tej chaw tsim tshuaj paus yuav los nrog koj tus kheej lub npe tshuaj thiab muag nws nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej hom, uas tsis tiv thaiv lwm tus neeg twb paub lawm tib yam khoom nyob rau hauv ntau lub npe. Successful advertising thiab marketing campaigns tau ua cov tshuaj "aspirin" yog 24 lub sij hawm ntau kim tshaj cov tshuaj aspirin, uas nws, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog.

Unfolded tsov rog ntawm Prussia thiab Austria nyob rau hauv 1866 mus tsim kho lub zus tau tej cov pharmaceuticals. Lub tom ntej tub rog tsis sib haum nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, kuj tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug impetus mus rau lub loj hlob sai ntawm loj-scale zus tau tej cov patented tshuaj. Ua ntej lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog kuv tus thawj coj ntawm tus kws kev lag luam yog lub teb chaws Yelemees, nws ua lag luam qhia tawm yog 20% ntawm tag nrho cov turnover ntawm cov tshuaj. Tom qab ntawd, cov coj noj coj raug coj mus rau ib tug US lub tuam txhab.

Lavxias teb sab pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals nyob rau hauv Russia pib nws txoj kev loj hlob nrog rau lub monasteries, qhov twg tag nrho cov kev txom nyem tau txais tsis tau tsuas yog sab ntsuj plig zaub mov tab sis kuj pab nyob rau hauv tua ailments, heev heev lub tswv yim kho neeg lub siab. Nyob rau hauv 1091 nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj lub tsev kho mob, lub initiator yog Pereyaslav pov thawj Efa-i yog tsim los pab. Annals tau tseg cov npe ntawm ntau yam monastic healers, thiab ib co ntawm lawv yog cov tsim nyog ntawm centuries ntawm veneration, piv txwv li, Pimen Postnik thiab Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Tatar ntxeem tau, thiab ob peb centuries ntawm kev ua cev qhev nres txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj tau suab mus nyob qhovtwg li. Paj nyob rau hauv nws twb revived nyob rau hauv lub muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg nyob rau hauv 1547, thaum mus rau lub tsev hais plaub los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe coj ob peb cov kws txawj.

Tus thawj lub khw muag tshuaj nyob rau hauv Moscow thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, cov luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj yog mus pab cov muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg. Nws los ua lub hauv paus rau lub creation Aptekarskaya Chamber. Tus thawj txhim khu kev qha cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev muag tshuaj tsis tau ciaj sia. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws twb nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Chudov monastery nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm twb nruj me ntsis tswj, cov khoom xyaw siv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb register suav manufactured tshuaj nkag inscription, uas qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tivthaiv thiab tus naj npawb thiab lub npe ntawm tus kws muab tshuaj uas tsim cov tshuaj. Cov phau ntawv yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv cov thawj Aptekarskaya Chamber ua ke nrog tag nrho cov tshuaj.

Peter tus kho

Nyob rau hauv 1654, lub tsev kawm ntawv rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab kws muab tshuaj yog qhib. Public chaw muag tshuaj nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1672, thiab nws yog tsis deb ntawm lub Red Square, nws tau muab lub npe ntawm tus tshiab, tsis yuav tsis meej pem nrog tus muaj koob muaj npe. Progress nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau coj lub ntsiab reformer ntawm Russia - Peter I. Nyob rau hauv 1701, raws li nws cai, nyob rau hauv Moscow los ntawm yim xws khw twb qhib. Qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab heev tshaj plaws qhov chaw muag tshuaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau tua tsiaj Street nyob rau hauv 1706. Cov hauj lwm ntawm qhov chaw no muaj xws li tsis tau tsuas yog tshuaj so ntau yam ntawm buyers, tab sis kuj cov mov ntawm cov tshuaj pab tub rog units.

Nyob rau hauv 1714 Petr Veliky siv lub tom ntej no kho kom zoo ntawm cov tshuaj thiab renamed apothecary pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub Medical Office. Tshiab tsev tau tswj los ntawm cov tub rog thiab kev kho mob xwm txheej, kev cai ntawm kws tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-18th caug xyoo, lub capital yog tsim los pab 14 khw muag tshuaj, thiab lawv nyob rau hauv ntau loj lub zos.

Achievements ntawm Lavxias teb sab pharmacists

Domestic Pharmaceuticals tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub ntiaj teb science. Cov feem ntau cov tawm discoveries tau cog lus nyob rau hauv lub Medical-phais Academy (St. Petersburg). Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub chaw, xibfwb OV Zabelin tsa ib laboratory qhov twg thwmsim yog ua pharmacological. Los ntawm cov kev ua ub ntawm A. A. Sokolovskogo disciplines xws li pharmacology thiab pharmaceutics kawm ntawm Moscow University. Pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov kev npaj ua ntau zaum ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm lub lub lem ntawm 19-20 centuries.

cov kws tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm twb muab tsuas yog tom qab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm kev soj ntsuam, paub meej tias cov miv nyuas siv zug thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj kev siv. Lub teb chaws tau teem ib lub network ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam thiab loj Enterprises rau lub synthesis ntawm complex tshuaj. Manufactured khoom nyob ntawm siab zoo. Tam sim no lub Lavxias teb sab kws kev lag luam tag nrho raws li thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv. Ua hauj lwm ib tug network ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam thiab ntau lawm tseem tsim los tsim cov tshuaj tshiab, sim kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb ua.

Lavxias teb sab kws factories tsim khoom nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv lub domestic thiab txawv teb chaws kev ua lag luam. Tsib ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws kws tuam txhab uas muag ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation raws li nram no:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "Vertex".
• STADA CIS.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Profession "tus kws tshuaj"

Pharmaceuticals - yog science thiab kev lag luam ntawm ntau lawm, yuav tsum txawj neeg. Kev kho mob cov tsev kawm ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv ob professions - pharmacists thiab pharmacists. Tus kws muab tshuaj - ib tug lub tsev kho mob, ib tug tshwj xeeb npaj nyob rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab, kev kawm kav 4 xyoo. Tus kws muab tshuaj profession tswv nyob rau hauv tebchaws rau ntau tshaj 7 xyoo (6 xyoo + 1 xyoo ntawm internship).

Paub puag pharmacists yog nyob rau hauv plaub lub ntsiab qhov chaw. Tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub teb cov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv pharmacies nyob rau hauv tus kws warehouses, lub chaw soj nstuam, tshwj xeeb kev tshawb fawb institutes. Tshuaj cov menyuam kawm ntawv attracted ntau yam zoo thiab dynamism. Tus kws khomob tshwjxeeb yuav tsum tsis txhob tsuas tso cov tshuaj, tab sis muab lub tswv yim rau lwm txoj kev xaiv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov nrhiav tau ntawm kev txawj ntse puag tso cai rau kom to taub yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj no yog ua los, yog dab tsi lawv cov teebmeem thiab contraindications.

Leej twg yuav khiav enterprise neeg ua hauj lwm kev ua si uas - pharmaceuticals? Ib tug kho rau tej yam kab mob no yog ua los nyob rau hauv view ntawm thiab ua raws li cov cai thiab technology. Rau cov kws tshuaj muaj ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej feem ntawm lub enterprise. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kws muaj txuj:

• Cov kws tshuaj-neeg muag khoom - ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv khw muag khoom khw muag tshuaj. Lub Scope ntawm cov dej num muaj xws li sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg muas zaub, cov ntaub ntawv cia, zus tau tej cov tshuaj, qhov tseeb cia ntawm cov tshuaj, restocking.
• Cov kws tshuaj-soj ntsuam ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev kuaj. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev soj ntsuam kawm tus kab mob no, tua dab, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kab mob, kab mob, microflora, thiab lwm yam tshaj attentive cov tub txawg muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub txaus ntshai tus kab mob no yam (AIDS, Ebola, etc ...) Rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov kab mob ...
• Kws muab tshuaj, distributors kom nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua tshuaj tuam txhab uas muag muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm lawv tus kheej cov tshuaj los yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm loj corporations.

Pharmaceuticals - ib tug synthesis ntawm science thiab kev lag luam. Kev kho mob preparations serial ntau lawm siv yuav luag txhua yam. Ib tug tsim nyog mus kom ze rau lub noj ntawm cov tshuaj tswj tus txij nkawm ntawm kev noj qab nyob thiab rov qab los ntawm ntau cov kab mob.