Mortars: general specifications, muaj pes tsawg leeg, daim ntawv thov, GOST

Rau tus kheej ntawm lub tsev cov kev pab cuam yog raug thiab paub ib tug tswvyim xws li mortars. GOST 28013 (pom zoo thiab muab tso rau hauv dag zog yuam los ntawm lub Xeev stroykomiteta №7 USSR nyob rau hauv 1989.; Nws twb hloov los ntawm tib lub Standard, pom zoo los ntawm lub xeev siv cov kev faib Committee ntawm Russia №30 1998 thiab nkag mus rau hauv dag zog yuam ua los ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj 1999) txhais raws li ib tug txheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas "mortar mix", "qhuav mortar", "tshuaj" thiab txiav txim seb tus txheej txheem uas yuav tsum tau rau cov specifications nrog rau lawv tus npaj, kev thauj mus los, thiab tau txais daim ntawv thiab kev ntsuas kev.

Raws li ib tug sab ntawv: cov qauv no tsis siv rau thaum tshav kub kub thiab tshuaj resistant mortars.

Yuav ua li cas yog mortar?

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj no rau compose thiab sib tov kom txog thaum tus Cheebtsam: phau ntawv, zoo sau ua ib pawg thiab ib tug nws. Yog hais tias tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb additives yuav muab ntxiv rau cov tshuaj. Conventionally ib phau ntawv, muab ib tug tov ntawm elasticity, ua raws li MAAs, gypsum los yog txiv qaub. Muab tub lim yog feem ntau xuab zeb, ib tug nws - dej.

Tsis yuav tsum tau tua, siab npaj rau kev siv tom qab txuas lub tsim nyog Cheebtsam yog paub mortar mortar. Cug mix yuav muaj xws li cov khoom xyaw qhuav, tov nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas. Qhov no thiaj li hu ua qhuav mortar. Nws kaw dej ua ntej yuav siv.

Cov tawv loj li dag pob zeb, nyob rau lub phau ntawv uake ua ke hauv cov xuab zeb hais, li no kom txhob muaj kev sib txhuam, yog raug xa mus rau raws li cov tshuaj.

mortars: General specifications

Mortars yog dej num raws li nram qab no.

Nyob rau hauv lub phau ntawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog distinguished:

1. Tej yam yooj yim ib feem - MAAs, txiv qaub los yog gypsum. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, denoted los ntawm ib tug ratio ntawm 1: 2, 1: 3, nyob rau lub 1 - ib feem (feem) ntawm lub phau ntawv, lub thib ob xov tooj - yuav ua li cas ntau daim muab tub lim ntxiv rau ib feem ntawm cov ntawv no.

2. Complex, mixed, multi-tivthaiv. Qhov no, piv txwv li, MAAs, limestone, limestone, gypsum, av nplaum thiab straw, txiv qaub thiab cov hmoov tshauv, thiab lwm tus neeg. Yog qhia los ntawm peb cov nuj nqis: lub ntsiab phau ntawv, cov phau ntawv ntxiv, ib tug tub lim.

Nyob rau hauv kev faib ua feem ntawm phau ntawv thiab xuab zeb ntau li ntau nyob. Muaj mortars:

1. qub. Yus muaj los ntawm ib qho kev pom piv ntawm phau ntawv thiab muab tub lim.

2. Rog. Yus muaj los ntawm ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm phau ntawv muab ntau dua shrinkage thaum lub sij hawm installation, tej kab nrib pleb (nrog ib tug tuab txheej deposition). Txiav txim los ntawm immersing ib tug stick mus rau hauv ib qho kev daws - roj sib tov encapsulating nws nrog ib tug tuab txheej.

3. ntshiv. Yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj, ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm phau ntawv, zoo tsis muaj shrinkage, noj rau hauv ob sab phlu. Yog hais tseg raws li nram no: los ntawm immersing tus pas rau hauv ib tug tov sib xyaw kom haum tsis ua raws li nws.

Los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm mortars binders raug muab faib mus rau hauv:

- cua - lawv solidification tshwm sim rau cov pa ya qhuav tej yam kev mob (gypsum);

- hydraulic - solidification dab pib thiab mus txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv ib tug noo ib puag ncig, e.g., nyob rau hauv dej (cement).

Nyob rau hauv lub siv cov xuab zeb, txawm pa tej yam ntuj tso, roob, hav dej, los yog khaub-ncaws nyias ntxeem tau (txhab av nplaum, pumice, tuff), muaj hnyav (los ntawm 1500 kg / m3 ceev nyob rau hauv lub qhuav rau lub xeev) thiab lub teeb (txog li 1500 kg / m3) mortars. Zoo sau ua ib pawg feem rau qhov kev nce rau hauv lub dag lub zog ntawm cov khoom muag kawg. Yog li, piv nrog rau slag, nws lub phau ntawv nrog xuab zeb siv tsis impurities (mineral ntsev, av nplaum pob zeb inclusions) tsub kom lub dag lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj rau 40%.

Lub quantitative piv ntawm cov dej kuj plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm cov ntsiab: cov tsis muaj nws cov tshuaj yog yus muaj los ntawm rigidity, ib tug dhau heev lawm - delamination, uas zoo zog yam ntxwv yog txo.

Pom ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub tshuaj khib (GOST 28013-98) npaj kom zoo nyob rau hauv raws li cov zoo qauv thiab qhov tseeb piv ntawm cov kev kawm Cheebtsam yog nws workability. Rooj noj, yas muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tau sau tag nrho cov qhov khoob, zoo compacted, compacted, tsis crumble, tsis da dej, tsis plam raws phab ntsa. Nrog tsawg ib tug nws thiab muab cov phau ntawv tshuaj yuav ntau zas, tab sis qhov no ua rau yus siab shrinkage thaum lub sij hawm lub solidification ntawm lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv thiab yog li tus tsim ntawm tej kab nrib pleb.

Nyob rau cov kev nta ntawm mortar mixtures thiab cov kev daws, tag nrho cov tsis yog tswj los ntawm tam sim no cov txheej txheem.

Zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm mortar

Tseem ceeb zoo tsis Cug protrude nruab nrab ceev, muaj peev xwm los tuav dej, lub muaj thiab peelability. Cov tsawg phau ntawv noj thaum uas yuav tsum tau yuam rau tus sib tov, lub zoo dua. Yog hais tias lub sib tov tau muaj lub sij hawm mus lob nws los yog unfreeze, nws yog txwv tsis pub mus ntxiv ib mixing. Mus cuag tej yam zog yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom zoo zoo npaj cov tshuaj khib mix, dispense, kho cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau cyclical mixers (nruam hom), lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (quab yuam) kev txiav txim. Nyob rau hauv no permissible yuam kev txog li 2% txheeb ze rau losis tswvyim dabtsi, ib tug nws, qhuav additives, mus txog 2.5 - nrog kev hwm rau cov muab tub lim. Rau lub caij ntuj no tej yam kev mob, cov tshuaj kub yuav tsum sib npaug los yog ntau tshaj li 5 ° C. Lub optimum dej kub gauging - 80 ° C.

Nyob ntawm seb cov kev cai ntawm cov kev mus ncig qhia ib tug xov tooj ntawm hom ntawm mortar:

1. PC4 - yus ib txwm muaj ntawm 1-4 cm yog thov mus co rubble ..

2. Pk8 - plug muaj yog raws li variations nyob rau hauv lub chav 4 mus rau 8 cm qhov tseeb rau tib yam rubble (Hollow pob zeb thiab cib) masonry, tiling, installation phab ntsa (loj-thaiv, loj-vaj huam sib luag) ..

3. Pk12 -. Mobility ntawm ntau tshaj 8 thiab mus txog rau 12 cm yog siv rau tso pa cib, plastering, cov phab ntsa npog, sau voids.

Lub peev xwm ntawm freshly npaj mortar los khaws cov dej - yog tseem yog ib qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntsuas. Zoo tau nyob rau hauv vitro ua hauj lwm pab cim ntawm 90% nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, lub 95% - nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Thaum lub ntau lawm site nws yuav tsum ntau tshaj 75% ntawm cov dej tuav peev xwm raws li txiav txim los ntawm laboratory cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov ntau dua cov kev ceev, ntau dua qhov lub dej kuj. Rau Hoobkas qhuav mortar hmoov sib tov tau ya raws cov ntsiab lus rau 0.1% los ntawm qhov hnyav.

Hais txog cov peelability thiab medium ceev, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ob leeg indices tej zaum yuav muaj tseeb rau tsis pub dhau 10%, tsis siab. Yog hais tias lub tshuaj khib sib tov ntxiv cua-entraining additives, txheeb ze rau qhov nruab nrab ceev npaum li cas decreases 6% ntawm cov teev project.

Zoo qauv rau kev daws teeb meem

Qhov nruab nrab ceev, te kuj, compressive zog - lub ntsiab yooj zoo indicators, As kev daws teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau ntau hom uas txiav txim ib lub zog ntawm axial compression: M4, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200.

F10, F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100 - kos characterizing te taw qhia tshuaj uas yog raug qho kev soj ntsuam xyuas - defrosting. Te taw qhia muaj ib tug ntawm cov utmost tseem ceeb rau ua vaj tse, masonry, plaster, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txheej plaster. Tag nrho cov hom kev daws teeb meem yog saib xyuas.

Ceev mortars (GOST 28013) yog muab faib mus rau hauv hnyav thiab lub teeb diav rawg hloov nyob rau hauv kev ua tau zoo muaj peev xwm tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 10% ntawm cov teev project. Cov feem ntau nyuaj yog suav tias yog lub pob zeb mix. Nws yog siv thaum pw cov me nyuam yaus, qhov kev siv ntawm cov av pem teb. Lub siab dua tus ceev, lub zog, firmer tshuaj.

Zoo Standards tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab

Raws li cov tshuaj siv rau qhov kev npaj ntawm kev daws, thov MAAs, txiv qaub, gypsum nyoos xuab zeb, xws li thermal hwj chim los ntawm slags, moj tej tawg cub tawg slag. Tag nrho cov Cheebtsam, raws li zoo li dej rau mortars, yuav tsum tau raws li tej yam uas yuav tsum tau zoo ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv GOST 28013 thiab zoo qauv muaj feem xyuam rau txhua tivthaiv.

muab tub lim

Rau txhua mortar nyob rau hauv lub npaj siv yuav tsum tau ib tug tej yam muab tub lim yuav tsum tau av noo. Yog li, haum rau tag mortar xuab zeb nplej nrog ib tug loj mus txog 1.25 hli, cov av - 2.5 hli, plastering xuab zeb grains yuav mus txog 1-2 hli, xov plastering txheej - tsis ntau tshaj 1.25 hli (tau sib txawv rau 0.5% los ntawm qhov ceeb thawj, tab sis cov tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj li 2.5 hli xuab zeb grains). Yog hais tias cov xuab zeb yog siv nrog cov ntoo tshauv, tus luj yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav dej khov, khov lumps. Nyob rau hauv kub mob tsev xuab zeb kub tej zaum yuav tsis ntau tshaj 60 ° C. Hnav mortar koom nrog nws ib tug phau ntawv nrog ib tug ntxeem tau xuab zeb (shungite, vermiculite, txhab av nplaum, perlite, slag pumice, aglonirit, ya tshauv thiab lwm tus). Hniav mytyh kev daws teeb meem ua los ntawm quartz xuab zeb, tej yam khoom noj pob zeb nplej nrog ib tug loj mus txog 2.5 hli (granite, marble, tej hub, carbon, yas). Xim plastering facades yuav siv cov 2-5 hli granite, iav, tej hub, thee, shale, yas ib qho kuam me me. Dawb lias MAAs-mortar plastering yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev ntxiv mus rau lub muaj pes tsawg leeg dawb lias MAAs tov, tej yam ntuj tso los yog hluavtaws pigments cov qauv.

tshuaj additives

Kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj khib feem ntau yuav ntxiv rau lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg sib txawv ntawm cov kev txhim kho cov khoom zoo tshuaj additives uas tiv thaiv delamination, ua rau kom ntau dua muaj, lub dag lub zog, los txhim kho lub te kuj ntawm sib tov. Qhov no thiaj li hu ua Superplasticizing, plasticizers, stabilizers, dej-ceev, huab cua-entraining, accelerating hardening, retarding, dej ntsuab, gaskets, gidrofobiliziruyuschie, bactericidal, tshuab tshuab. Cov plaub yog siv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb no.

Qhov yuav tsum tau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj additives yog txiav txim los ntawm lub cooling nyob rau hauv cov kev kuaj. Ua nyob rau hauv raws li cov qauv, lawv tsis ua kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntaub ntawv, corrosive los rau hauv lub ua lug thiab vaj tse. Classified los ntawm hom, ua, tag nrho lawv muaj cov lus dab neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li tus qauv designations thiab specifications. Yog li, ib tug hardening accelerating additives xws li sulfate sodium (CH GOST 6318, TU 38-10742) rau dej ntsuab - urea (carbamide) (M GOST 2081) nyob rau hauv cov dej tuav - carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC TU 6-05-386) . Ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev cov additives teev nyob rau hauv lub appendix rau 28013. Standard Maas Cug tsim nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov organic (mikropenoobrazovateli) thiab inorganic (txais av ya, txiv qaub, MAAs kiln plua tshauv, ya tshauv, thiab lwm yam) plasticizers.

Kev zoo tswj

Enterprise uas manufactures mortar, yuav tsum tau kev tswj yog ua los ntawm dispensing yuav tsum tau Cheebtsam thiab cov kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj khib. Control yog nqa tawm ib zaug rau ib ua haujlwm. Cug sib tov ntawm tib muaj pes tsawg leeg ua ib shift, yuav tsum yog ob tog. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj kuaj yuav muab xa mus mus rau ib tug kuaj (xaiv raws li GOST 5802) los mus txiav txim tag nrho cov kev yam ntxwv.

Yog hais tias tau txais kev pab yuav muab lwm yam tshaj li cov neeg teev nyob rau hauv IEC 28013 ua tau zoo, zoo ntawm cov khoom yuav raug tswj los ntawm daim ntawv cog lus ntawm chaw tsim tshuaj paus thiab cov neeg siv.

Test mortars ua nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob los ntawm cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus, uas ib tug neeg tej zaum yuav thov kom tswj kuaj mortar thiab mortar. Cug mix yog tso tawm los ntawm lub ntim, qhuav mortar - ceeb thawj.

Hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tshuaj khib tus muaj peev xwm mus delamination thiab ceev kua, thiab kua - los ntawm te, nws yog soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub xaiv los yog hloov ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg los yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj Cheebtsam. Ntxiv cov khoom uas kawm los saib xyuas txhua txhua rau lub hlis. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm uas tsis yog raws kev cai tshev yuav qhia mus txog rau lub tam sim no tus qauv, rau tag nrho cov ntau yog tso tseg.

Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv rau cov khoom?

Cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav pab tau raws li pov thawj ntawm qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom thiab tso cai sawv cev ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kev tswj, cov nram qab no yuav tsum tau sau tawm:

- lub npe thiab qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus, lub caij nyoog hnub thiab lub sij hawm ntawm kev npaj ntawm sib tov;

- lub hom ntawm cov tshuaj;

- zoo ntawm ib tug phau ntawv;

- tus nqi ntawm cov khoom muaj;

- lub npe thiab cov nyiaj uas tshuaj additives;

- ib tug siv rau tus txheej txheem, uas yog ib tug guarantee ntawm kev ua raws cai nrog npaj-rau-noj khoom technical cov ntaub ntawv.

Yog hais tias siv qhov ntxeem tau aggregates, ntxiv tsau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ceev nyob rau hauv lub qhuav rau lub xeev. Mus rau qhuav sib tov ib tug nws muab npaum li cas, yog li ntawd lub sib tov lawm mas yam lub muaj. Tsis tas li ntawd cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum lav lub txee lub neej ntawm sib tov nyob rau hauv qhuav lub xeev, uas yog xam los ntawm cov hnub ntawm kev npaj ua ntej mus rau lub sij hawm rau lub hlis.

Thauj mortar mixtures

Thaum thauj cov mortar yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob muaj txoj kev poob ntawm lub MAAs mis nyuj. Permissible thauj khoom los ntawm txoj kev, raws li zoo raws li lub thoob (hoppers) machines thiab nyob rau railway platforms. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus kub yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam thauj mortar, uas yog tsau los ntawm immersing kev tus pas ntsuas kub rau ib tug tob ntawm 5 cm.

Lub qhuav mortar mixtures yog thauj mus rau lub MAAs tsheb, thawv los yog Ntim rau 40 kg (wrapping daim ntawv) thiab mus txog rau 8 kg (yas packing). Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thauj hnab nqa rau ntawm ntoo pallets, nyob rau hauv polyethylene - los ntawm stacking hnab nrog ib tug sib tov nyob rau hauv haum ntim. Khw sib tov nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab pub rau ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 5 ° C nyob rau hauv kaw qhuav chav tsev. Tom qab thauj mortar sib tov yog tawm mus rau hauv tus tov khoom los yog lwm yam txog ntsha.

Kev siv ntawm mortars

Scope mortars varied. Siv cov kev faib concretes thiab mortars rau MAAs phau ntawv raws li ib tug yam ntxwv cov ntaub ntawv uas yog dav nrov nyob rau hauv lub private zoo li raws li nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom cab kuj bases, kab rov tav, ntsug, inclined lug, Siv, overlaps, thaum overhauling, kho, reconstruction thiab restoration .

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov pob zeb vaj tse ntws mortars nce mus txog ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov qauv. Muaj ntau ntawm peb tau puas yuav txiv qaub, gypsum, mixed mortars rau plastering phab ntsa nyob rau hauv qhov los yog lwm tsev neeg (yog li ntawd-hu ua xov compositions). Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug neeg yuav tsum tau yuav masonry kev daws teeb meem rau los ua ke ua hauj lwm, cladding, pob zeb masonry, refractory. Tam sim no koj yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj khib siv ua lag luam (GOST 28013), muaj superior thermal rwb thaiv tsev zog, suab haum, Thaum tshav kub kub thiab hluav taws kuj.