Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin: biography, qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim

Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin yog ib qho ntawm feem nto moo philosophers ntawm lub 19th caug xyoo. Nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cawv rau cov tsim ntawm niaj hnub anarchism. Nws tej hauj lwm muaj tau txhais ua ntau yam lus thiab muaj ntau yam rau hnub no. Philosopher twb tseem paub Panslavist. Niaj hnub nimno proponents feem ntau xa mus rau tej hauj lwm ntawm Mikhail Alexandrovich.

Nws lub tswv yim attracted ntau koom ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj Revolution, uas hloov lub ntiaj teb no mus ib txhis. Nws yog twv yuav raug hu ib yam ntawm cov feem ntau tseem ceeb cov nuj nqis ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab xav.

Childhood thiab tiav hluas

Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin yug Tej zaum 30, 1814 nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Tver. Nws tsev neeg yog cov nplua nuj txaus. Cov niam thiab txiv twb loj cov tswv av nrog ib tug title ntawm nom tswv cajceg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub Michael tsev neeg muaj 9 ntau cov me nyuam. Lawv cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau loj loj cov nyiaj uas twb hais lus ntawm lub sufficiency Bakunin. Txij li thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus, Michael kawm nyob rau hauv tsev. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15, nws raug xa mus rau cov tub rog kev pab cuam. Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nws tau tso ib tug artillery kev kawm. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 19 nws mus txog rau lub tsev kawm ntawv rau tub ceev xwm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws ncaws tawm vim hais tias nws rudely hais rau cov senior. Ob xyoos hluas Bakunin siv nyob rau hauv cov tub rog.

Nyob rau hauv 1835 nws tshuav cov kev pab cuam thiab tsiv mus rau Moscow. Muaj cuab kav nrog nto moo txawj sau ntawv Stankevich. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sij hawm no, nws captures lub German philosophy. Nws pib los mus tshawb cov keeb kwm thiab Sociology. Nws sai sai ua lub cij rau tag nrho cov kev sau ntawv cov khw txiav. Nws cov lus poob zoo li ntau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm zoo-paub intellectuals. Moscow Mikhail feem ntau mus rau niam txiv qub txeeg qub tes thiab nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Cov kws txawj ntaub ntawm qhov chaw no kuj muaj loj tej chaw. Nyob rau hauv 1939, ib tug acquaintance nrog Herzen.

mus txawv teb chaws

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm philosophy Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin devotes ze li ntawm tag nrho cov nws lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, nws twb tsis muaj nyiaj tau los ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab ua tau nyob ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv 'cov nyiaj. Cov tsev neeg tsis txhawb cov hom ntawm txoj kev ua neej thiab xav Michael rov qab mus rau lub qub txeeg qub tes thiab lub qub txeeg qub tes ua hauj lwm muaj. Cuaj kaum, tus txiv tsis tu ncua xa nyiaj rau nws tus tub. Michael feem ntau nyob hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg, ntev lawm rau lwm tus neeg lub tsev. Nws yog paub nyob rau hauv German. Nyob rau hauv cov thawj kev nyeem ntawv ntawm tus classics ntawm German philosophy. By lub 1840s, nws them cov nqi zoo mloog mus rau cov tsim yaam tshab ntawm Hegel. Nws Shares nws kev xav nrog tej phooj ywg. Nws sau nyob rau hauv txawv cov phau ntawv Magazine.

Fascination nrog German philosophy ua rau lub fact tias Michael txiav txim siab tsiv mus nyob rau Berlin rau lawv paub ntxiv txog cov ntaub ntawv stratum ntawm science. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sij hawm no, tub ceev xwm lub paub hais tias muaj xws li ib tug philosophy - Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Biography yooj yim nobleman kev sib txuas lus chaw nres nkoj nrog ib tug ntau yam "unreliable ntsiab." Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj kev tsim txom Michael twb tsis tau tau kis kab mob.

Rau ib qho chaw twg rau Berlin nws yuav tsum tau nyiaj, thiab txiav txim siab. Txij li thaum cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lawv tus kheej txawj sau ntawv tsis tau, nws hloov mus rau lub tsuas tswj - rau nws tus txiv. Ua li no, nws sau ib tsab ntawv ntev, uas kom meej meej teev nws intentions. Leej Txiv muab kev tso cai mus ncig teb chaws, tab sis nws tsis kam faib nyiaj. Bakunin tau mus thov qiv nyiaj los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg Herzen. Nws allocates ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas - 2000 rubles. Tam sim no, lub zeem muag ntawm taug kev mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees yog ua ntau tiag tiag.

Tsis ntev ua ntej nws ncaim ntawm Michael tshwm sim sib cav sib ceg nrog Katkov txawj sau ntawv, uas translates rau hauv ib tug sib ntaus. Nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub ntawm Bakunin ua tus nrog sib ntaus rau ib tug duel, tab sis xav tias zoo dua ntawm lub hnub tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe,

Nyob rau hauv 1940, Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin los txog rau Berlin. Muaj, nws tau txais ib tug ntau ntawm tshiab uas yus paub. Poured rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm Reformers. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov nws xav nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm Hegel. Lavxias teb sab philosopher loj hlob cus plaws tau txais nyob rau hauv "Hegelian" qws. Michael sau nyob rau ntau yam ntawm German ntawv xov xwm. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sij hawm no, ib tug tsis ncaj ncees ntawm nws views ua ntau "tshuav". Nws sau tau ob peb revolutionary ntawv nthuav qhia, uas tau dav menyuam ntawm cov ntau yam Socialists. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub German philosophers nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug vajvoog Bakunin kuj muaj Polish thiab Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Cov lawv yog Ivan Turgenev. Tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos nyob rau hauv Berlin, Michael tau ntsib nrog Marx, thiab txawm ob peb lub sij hawm rau kev sib txuas lus.

revolutionary kev ua si

Tom qab ib co sij hawm, lub philosopher tsiv mus rau Paris, qhov chaw uas nws zoo txuas tus Polish intelligentsia. Nyob rau ib lub ntawm cov banquet hais lus txhawb cov cai ntawm lub Polish neeg rau nws tus kheej-kev txiav txim.

Tom qab hais tias, nws yuav paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv Russia nws yuav tsis rov qab mus. Nyob rau hauv Paris Bakunin zoo ntxiv thiab ntau dua radicalized. Ntawm no nws yog nyob ib sab mus rau lub radical sab laug. Thaum lub insistence ntawm St. Petersburg Mikhail raug ntiab tawm ntawm Fabkis. Tsis ntev, txawm li cas los, lub Ob Hlis Ntuj kiv puag ncig lov tawm thiab rov los rau Bakunin.

Mihail Aleksandrovich npaaj neeg ua hauj lwm. Tab sis vim hais tias ntawm nws cov sweeping views ntawm tus tshiab tsoom fwv txiav txim siab mus ntiab tawm lub Lavxias teb sab thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Tom qab ntawd, nws tau mus ncig ntau heev thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Thaum lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv Prague, luam tawm ib co ntawm nws Yias-Slavic tej hauj lwm. Txiav txim siab rau nyob twj ywm mus tas li nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1851 nws tau lub tsarist tub ceev xwm thiab deported mus rau Russia. Muaj nws siv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tsev loj cuj thiab exile. Plaub lub xyoos ntawm Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin nyob rau hauv Tomsk. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tawm khiav mus ces. Tuag rau hli ntuj 19, 1876 nyob rau hauv Switzerland, kawm qhov twg nws raug faus.

Bakunin Mihail Aleksandrovich: Basic tswv yim

Lub ntsiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab philosopher raws li materialism. Mikhail Alexandrovich yuav tsiag ntawv raws li "tshuav" ideology. Nws ntseeg hais tias tsoom fwv yuav tsum tau tag pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw yuav tshwm sim ib yam ntawm cov union ntawm txawv cov zej zog. Raws li Bakunin, txhua lub zej zog muaj peev xwm ua kiag li nws tus kheej. Lub hwj chim ntawm lub collective. Raws li ib tug muaj kuab ntawm xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv - txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug muaj zog social kev tswj thiab kev sis raug zoo mechanisms. Community yuav tsum tau sib txuas lus ntawm tsoom fwv.

Rau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv lub zej zog nws pheej thuam hauj sim Socialists. Nyob rau hauv lawv pom, lub hauv paus tsoom fwv yuav tsum muaj nyob ntawd kiag li tsis kam muab Bakunin Mihail Aleksandrovich. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev koob pheej ntawm lawv thiab cov kuj ntawm lub zej zog ntawm communes tau hu ua "anarhokollektivizm". Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsuas tau txoj kev tsim xws li ib tug system, raws li cov philosopher, yog ib tug kiv puag ncig. Raws li ib tug tsav tsheb quab yuam suav hais tias yog poorest feem ntawm cov pejxeem, raws li lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug siab zog thiab lub peev xwm npaj yuav sawv kev. Lub revolutionary tsoom fwv tau tuaj los ntawm lub qis kawm ntawv.

Kev luj xyuas ntawm communism

Bakunin criticized Marx thiab nws pab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm lub xeev.

Nws ntseeg hais tias cov dictatorship ntawm lub proletariat yuav inevitably ua rau lub usurpation ntawm lub hwj chim. Degeneration ntawm revolutionaries nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm oppressors yog ib tug natural txim ntawm lub tswv yim system los ntawm Marx. Txawm li cas los, nws Mihail Aleksandrovich mas muaj nuj nqis tej hauj lwm ntawm lub German philosopher thiab tus kheej sau tau ib ob peb zoo xyuas. Nyob rau hauv lub geopolitical kheej nws pom Austria thiab Qaib Cov Txwv raws li lub ntsiab yeeb ncuab ntawm cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv. Nws ntseeg hais tias lub teb chaws Ottoman yuav raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tau kev kawm. Qaib ntxhw thiab Austria tau oppressed ntau haiv neeg, uas yog lub ntsiab teeb meem nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, raws li Bakunin kev pom zoo.

Yias-Slavism

Thaum lub sij hawm exile Bakunin zoo xim rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub Slavs. Panslavist nws tej hauj lwm los ua paub thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Nws ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov Slavs yuav tsum sib koom. Bakunin tsis xav txog tej cais lub teb chaws, raws li lub tebchaws United Center. On qhov tsis tooj, nws ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los tsim tej yam federation, qhov twg tag nrho cov Slavic neeg yog muaj sib npaug. Rau contradiction rau txoj ntsiab cai no, nws tau hais ntau ntau zaus criticized tsoom fwv ntawm Austria thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd them xim rau cov Polish chauvinism. Cov cuam tshuam rau tib lub phenomena nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman.

followers tswv yim

Bakunin Mihail Aleksandrovich muaj ntau followers rau hnub no. Yeej nws yog ib tug tshaj dhau anarchists. Lawv nrhiav tau ib yam ntawm cov symbiosis ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Bakunin thiab lwm yam Lavxias teb sab theorist - Kropotkin. Feem ntau cov feem ntau marginalized subculture distorted sawv cev ntawm lub philosopher txog kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug cia li haiv neeg, coj lawv mus rau lub point ntawm absurdity.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub anarchist Bakunin thiab respected nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm lwm yam "tshuav". Piv txwv li, Marxists thiab neo-Bolsheviks tsis tu ncua xa mus rau nws tej hauj lwm. Lub fact tias cov Bolsheviks qhia cov views ntawm tus anarchist, qhia tau hais tias ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus txheej kev muaj npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus philosopher. Thaum tus nkag mus rau Kremlin rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Lenin nws tus kheej yog tus inscription "Bakunin Mihail Aleksandrovich". Luv luv biography ntawm Lavxias teb sab revolutionary muaj nyob rau hauv lub nrauv kev pab cuam ntawm nom tswv science tsev.