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Metaphysics ntawm Aristotle. Siab puas yeej!

Koj txawj xav ntawm ancient Greece, Aristotle (yug 348 BC) yog xav nyob rau hauv qhov cov empirical sciences. Favorite menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Plato, nws kawm tau zoo nws philosophy, tab sis, cuaj kaum, nws twb raug thuam. Hais tias Aristotle yog lub zoo-paub cov kab lus ntawm Plato, kev phooj ywg thiab kev tseeb. Tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle nyob cov pej xeem, tshwj tseg xwb nyob rau hauv thooj, txawm li cas los, tej hauj lwm npaj rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no.

Lo lus "metaphysics" tuaj mus rau hauv kev siv nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Andronika Rodosskogo uas sau tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle. Ib tug sau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm muaj 14 phau ntawv: ua hauj lwm rau logic, natural sciences, cov phau ntawv ntawm qab, ua hauj lwm ethics, loog, ib thiab kev nom kev tswv. Metaphysics tau tau lub npe lub seem nyob rau raug nyob tom qab cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv physics (txhais los ntawm Greek - "meta" txhais tau tias "tshaj").

Lub metaphysics ntawm lub ancient Greek philosopher txog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov thawj ntsiab cai, uas nteg lub lub hauv paus ntawm kev txawj ntse. Aristotle tus metaphysics qhia txog cov plaub sab saum toj yog vim li cas rau koj yog (lawv yog cov thawj cov ntsiab). Es tsis txhob qhov Platonic tripartite qauv (lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tej yam, lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov tswv yim thiab os), nws npaj ib tug dual tsuas muaj os thiab daim ntawv. Aristotle tus metaphysics sau ua ke raws li nram no:

  1. Teeb meem, los yog txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim objectively - nws tus kheej ntawm lub observer. Teeb meem yog rhuav tshem tsis tau thiab nyob mus ib txhis, passive thiab inert, muaj lub peev xwm rau cov emergence ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam. Lub hom teeb meem yog manifested nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tsib ntsiab, lawv yog cov tib yam - huab cua, hluav taws kub, dej, lub ntiaj teb thiab saum ntuj ceeb tsheej tshuaj - ether.
  2. Daim ntawv no. Los ntawm monotonous teeb meem Principal vim li cas tsim ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Chiv Keeb tshaj plaws yog txoj kev sib sau ntawm daim ntawv thiab teeb meem, nrog rau cov zoo nruab nrab yog cov pib ntawm ib tug active thiab muaj tswv yim.
  3. Lub prime Mover ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, rau sab saum toj thiab qhov ua rau ntawm lub ntug, immaterial thiab nyob mus ib txhis Vajtswv. Nws qhia lub sij hawm uas yuav pib lub hav zoov ntawm tej yam.
  4. Lub hom phiaj, los yog "ib yam dab tsi rau cov uas". Lub hav zoov ntawm txhua tus tshaj plaws yog justified rau tej lub hom phiaj; siab tshaj plaws lub hom phiaj yog zoo.

Raws li pom saum toj no, yog ib lub ntsiab pawg ntawm philosophy Thoob plaws nws cov keeb kwm los ntawm antiquity rau tam sim no hnub tau los ua ib tug tswvyim pib los ntawm Aristotle muab. Physics yog txoj kev tshawb no lub hom phiaj phenomena, metaphysics kuj txog dab tsi yog lus dag tshaj lub cev phenomena , thiab ua hauj lwm pab qhov ua rau ntawm lawv. tswv yim ntawm kev saab laaj yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub sinonimayzinge lus: metaphysical - unseen, unmanifested, zoo tagnrho, psychic.

Metaphysics Aristotle hais tias txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab zoo tagnrho, ntawm daim ntawv thiab teeb meem. Lub hauv paus ntawm tej yam ntuj tso cai rau cov kev sis raug zoo opposites - hnub hmo ntuj, zoo-phem, txiv neej-poj niam, sab saum toj-hauv qab, uas tsim ib tug tua hluav taws, huab cua, dej thiab av, thiab yuav hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv txhua lwm yam
ua tsaug rau lub dag lub zog ntawm kev sis raug zoo. Raws li nws tus txoj kev xav, lub zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xwm yog thawj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub ntau.

Tus thawj theem ntawm cognition Aristotle metaphysical neeg pab leg ntaubntawv piav thoob hlo xaav los ntawm kev xav. Logic, tsis muaj uas paub yog tsis yooj yim sua, Aristotle considers qhov kev kawm ntawm cov organic, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas (organon) rau txoj kev kawm ntawm lub neej. Dua tib theem - rational kev txawj ntse - yog mus nrhiav qhov sib thooj nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg txheej xwm thiab tej yam uas.

Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm lub metaphysics ntawm tib neeg lub siab Aristotle hu.

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