Lub tswv yim ntawm photography thiab cinematography: hnub tim. Lub keeb kwm ntawm photography hauv luv luv

Zoo li thaij duab, keeb kwm ntawm photography thiab cinematography pib nrog lub siab xav ntawm ib tug neeg mus ntes lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej, cawm lawv rau ib lub sij hawm ntev thiab dhau mus rau cov tiam tom ntej. Thaum nws tau txais lub sijhawm zoo rau cov duab thaij duab lossis ntawv zaj duab xis, cov kev qhia ob no tau tsim hauv daim duab. Kev pab txog, piv txwv li, tsis txwv lawv tus kheej mus rau lub neeg ua hauj lwm los mus tsim ib daim duab uas tsuas hau ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tsos ntawm cov qauv. Cov duab pib tau txais ib cov lus, ib lub tswv yim, los piav txog tus xeeb ceem ntawm tus qauv, lub siab ntawm lub caij. Thiaj li nyob rau hauv cov xinesmas: txij li thaum cov animation ntev ob peb feeb, qhov kev taw qhia tau tsim sai heev, thiab niaj hnub no cov xinesmas muaj ntau lub cib fim, mus txog rau kev tsim cov dab neeg txog kev tawm tsam kev noj kev hauv ntiaj teb thiab tej yam yees siv ntiaj teb. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev yees duab thiab kos duab tau kos npe rau ntawm cov kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev ua yeeb yam hauv lub ntiaj teb kos duab, li cas los xij, cov duab thiab cov yeeb yaj duab tau nkag mus hauv lub neej ntawm tus txiv neej tam sim no. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais thiab cov duab ua, kev yees duab thiab kev yees duab rau kev niaj hnub siv tau yooj yim heev uas lawv tsis tas yuav muaj kev kawm tshwj xeeb thiab tsis txhob siv sij hawm ntev. Yuav ua li cas ua tau lub keeb kwm ntawm invention ntawm photography pib? Dab tsi ua qhov teeb meem duab xiam oob khab?

Cov tsos ntawm thawj cov duab thaij duab

Yuav ua li cas kom tau tseeb duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no? Lo lus nug no tau nug los ntawm cov kev xav zoo ntawm yav tag los. Kev vam meej yog tus rov tshwm sim ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua lub koob yees duab obscura, uas muab ib tug ncaj tseeb sawv cev ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no lwm, uas nws pib lub invention ntawm photography. Hnub, xyoo dhau los ntawm thawj kev sim mus ntes tus neeg, los ua ib qho yeeb yam ntawm daim duab, tsis paub txog tam sim no, tab sis Leonardo Da Vinci tau los ua thawj tus neeg pom qhov txawv txawv lub teeb duab ntawm cov khoom. Tom qab ntawd, Giovanni Porta tau tsim cov qauv ntawm obscura koob yees duab, uas tau siv los hloov cov kev sib hloov ntawm cov qauv rau cov canvas manually. Ua ib daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub koob yees duab niaj hnub, lub koob yees duab, alas, tsis tau ua tej lub cib fim, uas tom qab muab tib neeg lub koob yees duab. Lub sijhawm thaum npau suav ntawm tau txais ib daim duab nrog kev pab los ntawm kev siv tshuab, thaum muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau muaj kev sib txawv thiab kev tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tshuaj uas tso cai rau hloov thiab txhim kho cov duab.

Thawj snapshot hauv keeb kwm

Lub xyoo ntawm tus tsim muaj yees duab 1839, thaum tus Fabkis inventor Louis Jacques Mandet Daguer luam tawm ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm kev kho cov duab tau nrog lub koob yees duab pinhole rau ntawm daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv paralel, nrog rau nws, Henry Fox Talbot thiab Yauxej Nisefort Niepce ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub discovery thiab cov khoom ntawm thawj cov duab. Nws yog Niepce leej twg hauv xyoo 1826 tau txais thawj qhov kev xav txog thiab cov qauv duab. Sib koom tes ua ke thiab kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, Daguerre thiab Niepce pib ua hauj lwm rau kev tau txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv. Qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho daguerreotype - tau txais cov duab zoo txaus rau hlau daim hlau nrog ib txheej ntawm silver iodide los ntawm mercury vapor. Txij thaum ntawd los, qee lub sij hawm tau dhau los ua ntej daguerreotype tsim los ntawm kev coj ntawm kev xav hauv stereophotography. Lub inventors tau ntsib ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem: nws yog nyiaj txiag poob, thiab tsis muaj kev nkag siab txog ntawm lwm tus neeg, zoo li cas yuav muaj yeej pab tau invention duab. Yuav ua li cas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev luam duab mus rau yav tom ntej?

Kev Txhim Kho

Lub voj voog taw qhia hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev yees duab yog qhov tsim muaj kev tsis txaus siab. Qhov no qhib tau cov tshiab tau: tam sim no nrog kev pab los ntawm ib daim duab tsis zoo nws tau ua kom loj dua cov duab thiab luam lawv, thiab nws yog ces hais tias niaj hnub no tsim ntawm photography coj qhov chaw cia. Hnub tim ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws no - 1841 - yog daim ntawv txais los ntawm British inventor William Henry Fox Talbot ntawm ib daim patent rau txoj kev ntawm calotypy - daim tw daim ntawv tsis zoo nrog cov tom qab tshwm sim ntawm ib tug zoo duab rau tshuaj dawb daim ntawv. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev nrhiav pom zoo: qhov ntub kev sib txuas ntawm kev tsim muaj emulsion, ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thaij thiab qhov kev tsim cov duab hauv 1887 yog ib qho txheej txheem ceev ntawm kev tsim thiab simplifying cov txheej txheem tsim cov duab. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau muab lub sijhawm rau noob neej kom tau txais ib daim duab zoo thiab yoojyim, thiab, tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev tsim ntawm thaij duab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab.

Ntxiv ci ntsa iab!

Thawj photographic duab npaum li cas nyob rau hauv cov xim twb tau nrog kev pab los ntawm peb apparatuses. James Clarke Maxwell pib thwmsim nrog cov duab tha xim, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov hauj lwm ntawm kev siv tua cov xim ntawm cov xim liab, xiav thiab ntsuab ntsuab. Cov haujlwm tau ua raws nraim li cov kev tshawb nrhiav, uas tau hais tias ua ke ntawm peb cov xim muaj peev xwm muab tau cov duab ntxoov ntxoo tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej qhov tsim muaj xim thaij duab nyob deb: Cov txheej txheem tseem yuav siv sij hawm dhau. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov tub yees duab siv txhua qhov siv cov xim dub thiab dawb, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm cov duab photography ua rau muaj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov muag cov duab tha xim hauv 1935. Ib lub xyoos tom qab, 35 hli xim xim yog muag, thiab tom qab ntawd ces tuaj txog ntawm cov xim tawg, uas yog tus nqi pheej yig tshaj rau tus neeg siv nruab nrab.

Los ntawm "zaj yeeb yaj kiab" mus "zauv"

Nws zoo li, dab tsi ntxiv yog muaj los npau suav txog? Lub tswv yim ntawm kev yees duab yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm. Tab sis tus txiv neej xav simplify txawm ntau lub caij ntawm tau thiab luam ntawv cov duab. Qee tus thawj kev vam meej thiab daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov duab yees duab tshaaj yog lub tswv yim ntawm lub koob yees duab Polaroid, uas tau luam tawm ib daim duab rau ntawm daim ntawv. Tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov koob yees duab zoo ib yam los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau yuav khoom tshwj xeeb cassettes rau cov duab, zoo li tsawg ntawm cov duab. Tab sis tsis ntev los no cov kws tshawb fawb tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev vam meej, thiab ib qho tshiab, "digital" tsim muaj cov duab thaij duab. Hnub - 1975 - tom qab ntawd thawj lub koob yees duab tau tsim, uas tau muab ib daim duab thiab kaw ib daim duab ntawm ib tus pas ntsuas sib nqus. Kev daws teeb meem ntawm thawj daim duab tsuas yog 100 tawm ib 100 pixels, thiab cov khoom siv hlau nplaum muaj ib qhov hnyav ntawm ntau tshaj peb kilograms! Thawj lub koob yees duab compact yog tsim los ntawm Sony nyob rau hauv lub npe "Mavika", thiab ces rau pioneer lwm cov neeg tsim tau kos. Tuam txhab uas muag sib kom tau ib tug ntau dua kev daws teeb meem, tau tau mus sau cov duab nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib cov ntaub ntawv uas tseem ntxiv preservation. Qhov tiag tiag boom thiab kev siv ntau xim ntawm cov koob yees duab pib thaum xyoo pua 20th thiab thaum sawv ntxov 21st century.

Kos duab ntawm kev yees duab

Lub tswv yim ntawm photography tau muab cov neeg tsim muaj lub sijhawm tshiab rau kev nthuav qhia tus kheej. Xws li cov neeg ua yeeb yam, cov neeg nyiam kev lom zem nrog cov kev sib txawv thiab kev xav, xim thiab teeb pom kev zoo, sim "ntes tau" qhov zoo tshaj plaws txhaj tshuaj, thiab qee zaus muab lawv daim duab rau hauv ib daim duab tiag. Annie Leibovitz, Helen Levitt, Steve McCary, Erich Salomon - kom sau cov npe ntawm cov kws yees duab nto moo tuaj yeem ntev heev, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv ua qhov koob npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab thaij duab. Nyob rau tam sim no, txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb yuav tsawg kawg ib zaug sim nws tus kheej hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus kws yees duab. Art yuav tsum tau ua zoo kawg nkaus thiab ib lub tswv yim, uas tus neeg sau ntawv xav kom piav qhia rau nws cov neeg tuaj saib. Nws puas nyuaj rau koj pib tua ntawm koj tus kheej?

Tswv Yim rau Cov Neeg Tshiab

• Los tsim ib qho duab nthuav dav, koj yuav tsum ua kom pom tseeb nyob rau hauv qhov kev sau ntawv uas tsim los ntawm tus ncej. Ua li no, koj tuaj yeem kawm cov kev cai ntawm kev sau ntawv, uas yog siv los ua cov duab, lossis sim ua, tsim lawv tus kheej yam ntxwv ntawm kev tua.
• Nws tsis tsim nyog siv tshuab chasing thiab siv zog mus yuav kim tshaj plaws thiab niaj hnub koob yees duab. Lub zoo xaiv rau ib tug beginner yuav yog ib tug yooj yim cuab tam, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau ib tug yooj yim kev txawj ntse ntawm photography, koj muaj peev xwm kuj xyaum ua tej yam nrog cov ntaub ntawv, xws li tshem cov khoom siv ib tug zaj duab xis lub koob yees duab.
• Lub hauv paus, uas yuav tsum tau pub dawb rau cov tsav yees duab - ib tug kev paub ntawm cov qhov tob ntawm daim teb, ambient lub teeb, muaj pes tsawg leeg, ua hauj lwm nrog cov diaphragm. Tom qab koj tuaj yeem pib tsim nrog kev pabcuam ntawm qhov kev ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab tus duab ntxoov ntxoo, ntxiv cov ntxaij lim dej kom ua hauj lwm, thiab tseem kawm tau cov duab hauv cov txheej xwm tsim nyog.

Thawj zaj duab xis

Lub invention ntawm photography luv luv piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, tab sis dab tsi txog keeb kwm ntawm tsim ntawm cinematography? Cov neeg cog lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau sim nrog lub tshuab uas yuav cia tsim cov ntaub ntawv sau cia, thiab cov Lumiere cov kwv tij tau los ua thawj cov uas tau ua tiav qhov teeb meem no. Qhia thawj cov luv luv video ntawm 35 hli hu ua "Train Arrival", "Exit Factory", cov pioneers ntawm cinematography tau txais txiaj ntsim zoo rau pej xeem thiab ntxiv sijhawm los tsim cov txuj ci no.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cinematography

Lub voj voog ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cinematography yog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm zaj duab xis "The Jazz Singer" thaum xyoo 1927, thaum zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau yees duab thiab tawm suab. Ntxiv kev txhim kho yog zaj duab xis "Nkag mus nrog cua", tua xim, thaum xyoo 1939, thiab tag nrho hloov mus rau xim video shooting tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 60s ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Ib qho kev qhia tshiab hauv kev kos duab twb tau nthuav tawm nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv ntau hom yeeb yam. Dab tsi ntxiv hauv lub xyoo dhau los ua tsis tiav tsis tiav thiab tsis muaj tseeb, niaj hnub no yog kev sim nrog kev pab ntawm tricks thiab computer graphics. Cov creation ntawm films yuav ib pab lossis loj ntawm cov tub txawg uas tsim cov khoom kawg. Cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua lub sijhawm yog kev cai uas yog "Nosferatu" (1922, qhia los ntawm F. Murnau), "Seven Samurai" (1954, qhia los ntawm A. Kurosawa), "Pulp Fiction" (1994, qhia los ntawm K. Tarantino), "Apocalypse Now" (2003, qhia los ntawm F. F. Coppola) thiab ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab.

Pom zoo rau txoj kev loj hlob

Nws yog tsim nyog teev tias tam sim no cov xinesmas yog nrhiav kev daws tshiab rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov dab neeg, tsim cov tswv yim zoo thiab cov qauv ntawm kev ua computer. Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm niaj hnub xinesmas yog qhov teeb meem ntawm txoj cai thiab piracy, cov khoom faib dawb ntawm cov khoom tiav hauv Internet. Dab tsi yuav qhov teeb meem xiam tshaj xo hauv yav tom ntej thiab cov levers yuav tau tsim los tswj cov khoom siv kos duab li cas? Tsuas yog lub sijhawm tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug no.