Lub tsom iav raj - ib lub caij nyoog mus nrhiav mus rau hauv lub ntug

Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias cov tsom iav raj - qhov no yog ib qho kho qhov muag ntaus ntawv uas yog tsim los saib xyuas lub saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev. Tseeb, nws cov ntsiab hauj lwm yog los sau cov tawm txim liab electromagnetic tawg ntawm tej thaj chaw deb kwv thiab kis nws ua kom pom tseeb, qhov twg daim duab loj loj yog tsim los amplified lub teeb liab ua. Niaj hnub no, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv telescopes - los ntawm lub tsev, uas yuav tau txais txhua leej txhua tus rau high-precision, xws li, piv txwv li, raws li cov "Hubble", tau mus saib nyob rau hauv lub tsheej lab thiab billions ntawm lub teeb-xyoo sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb ...

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias ua ntej nyob rau hauv 1609 ob-lens tsom iav raj yees los ntawm Galileo Galilei. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog. Ib xyoo ua ntej lawm, tus Dutchman Iogann Lippersgey xav patent nws ntaus ntawv muaj ib tug lens tso rau hauv lub raj, uas nws muab lub npe "tsom iav raj", tab sis twb tsis kam vim hais tias ntawm lub simplicity ntawm tus tsim.

Nyuam qhuav pib, qhov kawg ntawm lub XVI caug xyoo, lub astronomer Thomas Digges sim mus saib cov hnub qub los ntawm cov concave tsom iav thiab lo ntsiab muag. Txawm li cas los, lub tswv yim twb tsis tau coj tuaj rau nws cov zajlus kom xaus. Galileo kuj cia li tshwm sim tau "nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv txoj cai qhov chaw": Pom Lippersgeyya rau saum ntuj, nws nrhiav tau lub Craters thiab roob lub hli nto thiab ntau lwm nthuav tej yam. Uas yog vim li cas nws yog suav hais tias yog thawj astronomer uas siv lub tsom iav raj. Qhov no muab sawv mus rau ib qho era ntawm refracting telescopes.

Hom kho qhov muag khoom

Kho qhov muag telescopes subdivided rau hauv hom yuav tsum los ntawm cov yooj yim hom caij sau lub teeb rau ntawm daim iav, lens thiab daim iav-lens (combo) apparatus. Txhua yam ntawm cov hom muaj nws tus kheej zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, yog li thaum xaiv ib tug haum system yuav tsum siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account ob peb yam tseem ceeb: lub tej yam kev mob thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev soj, qhov twg qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau, qhov hnyav thiab tsiv, cov nqi thiab thiaj li nyob. Cia kom meej pem rau to taub hais tias xws li ib tug lub tsom iav raj, thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv yog cov feem ntau nrov ntawm nws hom. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo li ib tug tsom iav raj?

lens refractor

Cov telescopes yog siv rau cov approximation ntawm lub lens, uas vim nws curvature sau lub teeb. Ib yam li nyob rau hauv lwm cov kho qhov muag pab kiag li lawm (cov koob yees duab, rub kom pom loj, thiab lwm yam ...), Tag nrho cov lo ntsiab muag tau koom ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug ntaus ntawv - lub lens.

Tam sim no refractory telescopes mas siv los ntawm amateurs, raws li xam soj tsuas kaw lub ntiaj teb thiab lub hli.

Zoo:

• Kuj yooj yim siv, kev cia siab thiab yooj yim rau siv.
• Nws yuav tsum tau tsis muaj tshwj xeeb txij nkawm.
• Zoo heev xim tu tub tu kiv nyob rau hauv apochromatic kev kawm thiab zoo nyob rau hauv achromatic.
• Tag nrho rau cov muaj kev soj xyuas ob lub hnub qub, planets, lub hli, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv loj apertures.
• Fast thermal stabilization.
• Lub lens tsis yuav tsum tau tej kev hloov, vim tus tsim yog tom txawm thaum lub sij hawm lawm.

disadvantages:

• Piv nrog rau katadioptrikami thiab reflectors muaj ib tug ntau dua tus nqi ntawm lub lens txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub tsev.
• Tswv yim loj kab uas hla ntawm lub qhov txwv los ntawm cov nqi thiab bulkiness.
• Vim aperture txwv yuav refractors tsawg haum tsom nyob deb npaum, dim khoom.

Daim iav xav telescope

Reflex tsom iav raj - ib tug optical ntaus ntawv, uas ua cov kev ua ntawm lub teeb-ntxawm lens daim iav. Lub ntsiab daim iav tej zaum yuav me me txoj kab uas hla (kheej kheej) los yog loj (Parabolic).

Zoo:

• Piv nrog rau katadioptrikami thiab refractors aperture txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub tsev tus nqi yog tsawg dua.
• Compact thiab yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los.
• Vim lub kuj loj aperture, nws yog zoo ua hauj lwm nrog cov tswvyim ntawm nyob deb thiab tsaus muag khoom: lub hnub qub pawg ua ke, nebulae, galaxies.
• Tsis chromatic aberration. Dluab yuav kaj lug, nrog cov uas tsis muaj distortion

disadvantages:

• Nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub-teem lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau vim hais tias ntawm loj heev iav iav.
• Duab me ntsis distorted vim hais tias ntawm lub qhib cov yeeb nkab, muaj tiv thaiv los ntawm sov huab cua dej tsaws ntxhee thiab hmoov av.
• Tej lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau kawm tuab si lug tsom iav, uas thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam los yog kev thauj mus los yuav poob.

Daim iav-lens, los yog catadioptric

Catadioptric tsom iav raj - ib tug optical ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv uas poob ntau hom duab distortion vim txoj kev siv cov tsom iav nyob rau hauv lawv nrog kho lo ntsiab muag. Vim lub fact tias lub teeb yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub raj ob peb lub sij hawm, qhov tsom xam yuav ua tau ntev. Ib co ua qauv yog tau mus ntes ib tug duab. Yog hais tias siv rau lub hom phiaj no catadioptric tsom iav raj, duab tig tawm zoo heev.

Zoo:

• Kho ntawm high-qib aberrations.
• Tag nrho rau cov tsom kwm nyob ze tej khoom xws li lub hli, thiab cov khoom nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus qhov chaw.
• Kaw lub raj maximally tiv thaiv los ntawm hmoov av thiab sov huab cua ntws.
• Piv rau reflectors thiab refractors ntawm sib npaug zos aperture cia siab tshaj plaws compactness.
• Piv nrog rau tus nqi ntawm loj aperture refractor yog tsawg.

disadvantages:

• Kuj ntev thermal stabilization.
• sib npaug zos rau cov nqi ntawm cov aperture loj tshaj hais tias ntawm lub reflectors.
• Self-kawm tuab si lug yog ib qhov nyuaj vim lub complexity ntawm tus tsim.

Niaj hnub nimno chaw telescopes

Tuaj ib tug ntev txoj kev (pib nrog lub tsom iav raj ntawm lub XVII xyoo pua thiab xaus tsis siv neeg qhov chaw giants), lub tsom iav raj tau qhib loj loj lub sij hawm mus kawm ntawv hmo ntuj. Tab sis muaj ntau yam uas tiv thaiv ib tug neeg twg, txawm lub feem ntau haib av-raws li telescopes mus nqa tawm kev tshawb fawb. Cov no tej zaum muaj xws li ob qho tib si illumination thiab kiv, thiab feem ntau banal huab. Orbital qhov chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv no hais txog muaj ib tug lossis loj kom zoo dua, vim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub moos nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov huab cua tej yam kev mob, kis dluab tsis muaj atmospheric distortion. Ib tug ntawm cov noj - "Hubble" Space tsom iav raj. Duab coj ntawm nws optics, txig muaj kev cuam tshuam lub feem ntau nyob deb khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntug, billions ntawm kilometers deb, uas astronomers mus nrhiav tau tshiab hnub qub, planets thiab galaxies.