Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tus nyob rau hauv kev hais lus. Kev siv cov npe nyob rau hauv hais lus

Qeb qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus yog qhov yooj yim morphology. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias lawv raug muab faib ua plaub kawm: ywj siab, kev pab, modal (los yog cov tswv yim) lus thiab interjections. Tus thawj siv tau rau ib tus. By thiab loj, nws yuav suav hais tias raws li lub ntsiab lus tswv yim.

Tus raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus

Peb lexicon muaj ib tug zoo cov lus denoting khoom, yuav nws cov neeg, tsiaj txhu, tej yam los yog tej yam tshuaj. Tag nrho cov npe. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj cov paub daws teeb lub tswv yim, nrog rau tus kheej cov yam ntxwv, piv txwv li, ua siab ncaj, siab zoo, kev khib; pw tsaug zog, khiav, dancing, so. Tej npe kuj os ntawm objectivity thiab teb cov lus nug "leej twg?" los yog "dab tsi?".

Tag nrho cov lus yog hu ua animate thiab tswg khoom muaj xws li morphological pawg xws li yog txivneej los pojniam, tus xov tooj thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li, lawv muab faib ua peb genders (txiv neej, poj niam, nruab nrab), sib txawv nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb (zoo tshaj thiab plural), raws li zoo raws li rau tus neeg mob.

Tus raws li ib feem ntawm kev hais lus Nws muaj ib tug thawj zaug zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nominative zoo tshaj: menyuam roj hmab, ntxhais, te, kev xyiv fab, qab zib.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tus nyob rau hauv hais lus

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, rau txhua txhua 100 lo lus dab tsi rau 40 npe. Roos lawv 40% ntawm cov lexical qauv. Qhov no txhais tau tias yuav luag txhua txhua ob lo lus yog qhov kev kawm los yog tswvyim uas teb rau lo lus nug "leej twg?" los yog "dab tsi?". Vim hais tias yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tus nyob rau hauv kev hais lus.

By thiab loj, tsis muaj qhov no grammatical units yuav tsis muaj tag nrho cov kev cais. Tom qab cov kab lus, raws li ib tug txoj cai, muaj txuas ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv, yog li yuav luag txhua txhua ib tug ntawm lawv muaj ib tus, thiab feem ntau ntau tshaj ib. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no ib feem ntawm tus hais lus zoo-paub linguist, hais tias VG Vetvitsky, defining nws raws li lub "orchestra neeg xyuas pib grammatical" txhua khiav mus yog saib tag nrho cov "orchestra" - nyob lo lus uas inherits lub daim ntawv thiab pom zoo nrog nws.

Nws plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm thiab lub ambiguity ntawm nouns, thiab lawv cov kev siv raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev paub qhia lo lus (metaphors, epithets, kev sib piv), thiab muaj cov ntau yam, tsis tsuas ncaj qha, tab sis kuj yog ib tug paj lug kev txiav txim zoo.

Kev siv cov npe nyob rau hauv hais lus

Qhov no qeb ntawm qhov chaw hais lus nyob rau hauv kab lus ua ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm predicative bases. Piv txwv li, ib tug noun tau ua raws li cov tib tug thawj xib fwb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub nominative kab lus. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub quote los ntawm Alexander BLOK, "Hmo ntuj. Street. Teeb. Tshuaj ... "

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub noun nyob rau hauv lo lus nug yog tsis yog li ntawd xwb. Raws li ib tug predicate, nws yuav tsum qhia tias nyob rau hauv lub nominative nyob rau hauv thiaj li hu ua bicomponent kab lus: "Kuv tus muam - tus menyuam kawm ntawv", thiab ntaub ntawv lub oblique cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv raws li ib tug distributor ntawm cov hauv qab no qhov tseem ceeb:

• yam khoom ( "Masha nyob Chaw muag mis nyuj");
• subjective ( "hluas nkauj yog kaj thiab zoo siab");
• attributive ( "Txee chief yog khab seeb txaus");
• adverbial ( "Peb tag nrho sau nyob rau kev nkag").

Vim lub fact tias cov noun muaj pawg ntawm cov tub los ntxhais thiab tus xov tooj, nws muaj lub peev xwm yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khom nrog nws cov lus: zoo nkauj (s) tiab (I), zoo nkauj (s) duab (s), zoo nkauj (f) paj (s).

Kev siv ntawm qhob npe

Nyob ntawm seb cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no ib feem ntawm tus hais lus no muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb pawg, cov uas yog cov chav tsev (noob taum, straw), cov ntaub ntawv uas ua (mis nyuj, zib ntab, silver), sau (nplooj, xuab zeb, beasts). Tab sis tej zaum cov feem ntau heev heev thiab ntau nyob rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm kev hais lus - nouns, uas yog cov vaj tse thiab paub daws teeb lub tswv yim.

Tus heev kab lus "qhob npe" twb txaus txiav txim seb lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Cov tswvyim no hu ua tej yam txawv thiab tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag. Ib tug ntawm lawv peculiarity yog tias cov lus uas tus qeb kev npe yog zoo kawg nkaus ua ke nrog rau tej numerals - ob qho tag nrho ntau thiab ordinal, thiab ib tug collective: ob cov me nyuam, tus thib ob tus me nyuam, ob tug me nyuam; ob tus cwj mem qhuav - thib ob mem hluav.

Qhov thib ob feature - lub peev xwm los tsim ua sab seem ntau tshaj: tot - cov me nyuam mem hluav - cwj mem qhuav.

Kev siv cov paub daws teeb npe

Cov npe uas ib txhia paub daws teeb lub tswv yim, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog ib tug khoom txheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov lus - nouns, npe los yog qhia ib co paub daws teeb lub tswv yim, txiav txim los yog lub xeev (ib tug nriaj, kev xyiv fab), qhov zoo tshaj los yog cov yam ntxwv (morality, siab zoo, yellowness).

Tsis zoo li tej paub daws teeb npe tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv ntawm - los yog tsuas yog ib zaug xwb (silence, gloss, tis, siab phem), los yog qhov ntau (hnub ua hauj lwm, cov hnub caiv, kev xaiv tsa, twilight). Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsis tau ua ke nrog rau cov cardinal xov tooj. Tsis txhob hais tias, peb silence, tus ob gloss. Ib txhia ntawm paub daws teeb npe tej zaum yuav siv ib tug ntau ntawm adverbs - ib tug me ntsis tsawg - npaum li cas, ntau npaum li cas, "Thiab ib tug ntau ntawm cov me nyuam coj kev kaj siab!", "Yuav coj ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem," "Thiab ntau npaum li cas yog hmoov zoo!"

Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub tej qhob manifestation ntawm cov paub daws teeb zoo, yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub plural nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no: lub te - thundered Lub ib hlis ntuj frosts, sib sib zog nqus - mus txog lub hiav txwv depths, kev zoo nkauj - txaus siab rau txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov, thiab lwm yam

Feem ntau cov nquag npe nyob rau hauv hais lus

Yog hais tias peb yuav ua tiag los soj ntsuam cov lus ntawm qhov nruab nrab Lavxias teb sab, peb yuav xaus txog cov muaj koob meej ntawm tej lo lus siv nyob rau hauv nws. Feem ntau cov feem ntau siv, li ntawd, yuav hais lus, txhua hnub npe. Nyob rau hauv ib tug hais lus ntawm txhua tus neeg yuav sound npe tais diav (diav, riam, diav rawg, huam, lauj kaub, thiab lwm yam), khoom noj khoom haus (qhob cij, cov mis nyuj, hnyuv ntxwm, cov nplej zom, thiab lwm yam), cov lus hais txog kev ua hauj lwm, thauj, kev tshawb fawb.

Yuav kom txiav txim yuav ua li cas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv hais lus los yog hais tias lub npe (lub npe ntawm lub tswvyim), philologists-zaum tsim kev cai dictionaries. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tsuas yog nouns, yog li ntawd, raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej tau kos tej yam kev xaus lus. Cov dictionaries yog hu ua zaus.

xyoo, cov neeg, lub sij hawm, muaj teeb meem, lub neej, hnub, txhais tes, ua hauj lwm, lo lus, qhov chaw: Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov npe ntawm cov txhiab tus npe muab cov lus no yog cov feem ntau heev.

Npe nyob rau hauv ib tug me nyuam txoj kev hais lus

Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm zaum, txawm txheej thaum ub txiv neej, paub txog lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb, kawm qhov thiab nws cov phenomena, muab lawv cov npe. Cov npe lub sij hawm tsau nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, tsim nws cov ntsiab lus. Ib yam li ntawd, npe tshwm nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam hais lus. Xyaum qhov no yog thawj hais lus rau lawv: niam, txiv, tus poj niam, me nyuam miv, thiab lwm yam Kid zoo li lub ancient cov neeg, ib yam nkaus thiab, eagerly nrhiav ib ncig thiab xav paub lub npe ntawm qhov no los yog tus kwv, thiab ces mus rau ntau tshaj cov ntsiab lus.

Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam associative mus, lawv paub cov ntsiab lus yog enriched nrog cov tshiab npe. Piv txwv li, tus me nyuam paub dab tsi yog nyom, thiab ces thaum nws realizes hais tias nws muaj ib tug tej yam xim, kev, thiab lo lus "ntsuab." Lub noun "phab ntsa" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yuav "cev nqaij daim tawv" - cib, pob zeb, ntoo. Thiab cov lus no, ib yam nkaus thiab, yog maj mam muaj nyob rau hauv lub lexicon ntawm tus me nyuam.

xaus

Tus, denoting ib tug kwv los yog tshwm sim, hu nws nyob rau hauv lub broadest kev txiav txim zoo. Yog li ntawd, tej zaum nws yuav npe ntawm cov khoom thiab tej yam uas (lub rooj, phau ntawv sau, phau ntawv, wardrobe), cov ntaub ntawv (xim, hmoov, alkali), nyob creatures thiab cov kab mob (txiv neej, miv, qab tej ceg ntoos, Bacillus), txheej xwm, tshwm sim, cov lus tseeb (opera, cua daj cua dub, kev xyiv fab), qhov chaw npe, cov npe thiab surnames ntawm cov neeg, raws li zoo raws li lub qualities, zog, kev ua, lub xeev (siab dawb siab zoo, kev txawj ntse, kev taug kev, nkees nkees). Tag nrho cov striking piv txwv ntawm kev siv ntawm npe.

Nrog lawv pab nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau next lub nroog txoj kev, nyeem ntawv cim, vim hais tias cov npe ntawm tsev thiab cov koom haum sawv cev no yog ib feem ntawm tus hais lus. Ib yam li ntawd, yooj yim xav txog tej yam dab tsi yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv los yog tsab xov xwm (lub npe, raws li ib tug txoj cai, muaj ib tus). Nws yuav hu ua tus hiob, feem ntau, feem ntau ywj siab, qhov tseem ceeb thiab ua ib feem nyob rau hauv tus qauv sau ntawv.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis pom zoo nrog L. Assumption, txhais lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tus nyob rau hauv lub hais lus, hu rau nws lub khob cij lus. Yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb yog cov khoom no nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub neej yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb, thiab pawg no nyob rau hauv lub hauj lwm ntawm cov lus.