Lub cev lub cev - yog dab tsi no? Lub cev lub cev: piv txwv, cov khoom

Nyob rau hauv hnub no tus tsab xov xwm peb xav hais tias qhov no lub cev lub cev. Yog tsis muaj ib tug tsis ntseeg, qhov no lub sij hawm yog tsis yog feem ntau tau ntsib koj rau lub xyoo ntawm tsev qha ntawv. Nrog cov tswv yim ntawm "lub cev lub cev", "tshuaj", "tshwm sim" peb ua ntej ntsib nyob rau hauv lub natural keeb kwm qhia. Lawv yog cov kawm ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov seem ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb science - physics.

Los ntawm txhais, lub sij hawm "lub cev lub cev" yog hais txog ib lub cov ntaub ntawv uas cov kwv muaj ib tug duab thiab ib tug cov lus hais txheej ciam, uas cais nws los ntawm qhov ib puag ncig thiab lwm yam lub cev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub cev lub cev txais tau cov yam ntxwv xws li nyhav thiab ntim. Cov tsis muaj kev yooj yim. Tab sis muaj lwm tus dhau li ntawm lawv. Peb yuav tau tham txog transparency, ceev, elasticity, hardness thiab thiaj li nyob. N.

Lub cev lub cev: piv txwv

Cias muab, ib yam ntawm cov uas lwm tus tej khoom, peb muaj peev xwm hu tau rau lub cev lub cev. Qhov tseem paub cov piv txwv ntawm lawv - rau hauv phau ntawv, cov lus, tsheb, pob, khob. Tej yam yooj yim lub cev physics hu nws, uas nws geometric zoo yog yooj yim. Composite cev nqaij daim tawv - cov neeg uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ob peb ua ke txuas mus rau txhua lwm yam yooj yim lub cev. Piv txwv li, nws yog conventionally tib neeg daim duab yuav tsum sawv cev raws li ib tug txheej ntawm thooj voos kheej kheej thiab spheres.

Cov khoom uas muaj tog twg los ntawm lub cev xa mus neeg sawv cev. Txawm li cas los, tej zaum lawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li ib tug xwb, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam tshuaj. Ntawm no yog ib co piv txwv. Lub cev lub cev - cutlery (tib rab diav rawg, diav). Lawv yog ua los feem ntau ntawm cov hlau. Riam lub cev tej zaum yuav pab raws li ib qho piv txwv uas muaj ob ntau hom kev tshuaj - lub steel hniav thiab ntoo kov. Thiab xws li ib tug complex khoom zoo li ib tug xov tooj ntawm tes, ua los ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas naj npawb ntawm "cov khoom xyaw".

Yuav ua li cas yog tshuaj

Tej zaum lawv yuav tej yam ntuj tso los yog tsim artificially. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov neeg txhua tus tsim nyog cov khoom ua los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ntaub ntawv (arrowheads - los ntawm pob zeb, sov khaub ncaws - los ntawm cov tsiaj phua ntiag). Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawm tej yam khoom uas tau tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej. Thiab tam sim no cov neeg - lub feem ntau. Ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm lub cev dag lub cev tej zaum yuav yas. Txhua yam ntawm nws hom tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej qhov tsim nyog qualities ntawm ib tug kwv. Piv txwv li, cov pob tshab yas - Eyeglass lo ntsiab muag, uas tsis yog-tshuaj lom zaub mov - rau tais, check - rau lub tsheb bumper.

Tej yam khoom (los ntawm cov pob zeb taus rau high-tech pab kiag li lawm) muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam ntxwv. Ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv - yog lawv muaj peev xwm yuav attracted rau txhua lwm yam raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm gravitational sis raug zoo. Nws yog ntsuas siv lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis hu ua loj. Los ntawm txhais, cov physicists, qhov loj ntawm lub cev - ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm lawv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Nws yog denoted los ntawm lub cim m.

loj ntsuas

Qhov no lub cev muaj nuj nqis, zoo li lwm yam, yuav ntsuas. Yuav kom nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi tus luj ntawm ib yam khoom, koj yuav tsum los sib piv nws nrog rau tus txheej txheem. Hais tias yog ib lub cev uas nws loj yog yuav tsum tau sib koom siab. International System of Chav (SI) nws yog pom tias yuav tsum muaj ib tug kilo. Xws li ib tug "tagnrho" hnyav unit tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kheej kheej, cov sawv cev ib tug hlau ntawm iridium thiab platinum. Qhov no thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv yog muab cia rau hauv Fabkis, thiab cov ntawv luam ntawm nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus siv lub tswvyim ntawm kilo ton, gram los yog milligram. Ntsuas los ntawm uas qhov loj ntawm lub cev. Qhov no yog ib tug classic txoj kev rau txhua txhua hnub suav. Tab sis nyob rau hauv niaj hnub physics, muaj lwm txoj kev ntsuas, ib tug ntau npaum li cas niaj hnub thiab high-precision. Nrog lawv pab txiav txim seb qhov loj ntawm lub microparticles, thiab giant khoom.

Lwm yam thaj chaw ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv

Tus duab, qhov hnyav thiab ntim - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yam ntxwv. Tab sis muaj lwm yam khoom ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv, txhua yam uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam teeb meem no. Piv txwv li, ib tug muaj vaj huam sib volume ntawm cov khoom tej zaum yuav txawv heev nyob rau hauv qhov nyhav, i.e. muaj ib tug txawv ceev. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam teeb meem, tseem ceeb heev yam ntxwv xws li brittleness, hardness, elasticity thiab sib nqus qualities. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab lub cua sov conductivity, transparency, uniformity, hluav taws xob conductivity thiab lwm yam kev thaj chaw ntawm heev heev lub cev thiab tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov yam ntxwv yog nyob ntawm seb cov neeg tshuaj los yog ntaub ntawv los ntawm uas cov khoom no yog ua los. Piv txwv li, roj hmab, lub khob thiab steel khoom yuav muaj ib tug txawv kiag li txheej ntawm lub cev qualities. Qhov no yog ib yam uas tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm kev sib tshuam ntawm lub cev, piv txwv li cov kev kawm txog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm deformation thaum lub sij hawm Pitting.

Hais txog saws approximations

Tej yam seem ntawm physics lub cev lub cev yog ntshai ua ib abstraction muaj zoo tagnrho cov yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub mechanics ntawm lub cev yog muaj tuaj raws li loj ntsiab lus tsis loj thiab lwm yam khoom. Seem no deals nrog lub zog ntawm physics xws zwj ceeb cov ntsiab lus, thiab daws cov teeb meem no zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv tus tseem ceeb yog sob.

Nyob rau hauv scientific suav feem ntau siv lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug nruj heev lub cev. Cov conventionally tau hais tias yuav tsis raug rau tej deformation, rau cov tsis muaj loj xaav ntawm qhov chaw lub cev. Qhov no yooj yim to taub qauv pub raws ua si ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej dab.

Thermodynamics Section rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj siv lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug blackbody. Thiab yog dab tsi no? Lub cev lub cev (ib tug paub daws teeb kwv) uas muaj peev xwm ntawm absorbing tej tawg ntog rau nws saum npoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yog hais tias tus neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau nws, lawv yuav emit electromagnetic vuag. Yog hais tias cov nqe lus ntawm lub theoretical suav hauv daim ntawv ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv yog tsis tseem ceeb heev, lub neej ntawd yog hais tias nws yog spherical.

Yog vim li cas yog hais tias ib qho tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm lub cev

Physics nws tus kheej, xws li, muaj ib lub yuav tsum tau to taub cov kev cai los ntawm cov uas coj lub cev lub cev, raws li zoo raws li mechanisms rau lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm cov txheej xwm. Ntuj yam tseem ceeb muaj xws li cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv peb ib puag ncig, tsis yog hais txog rau tib neeg kev ua ub no. Muaj ntau ntawm cov neeg siv mus rau lawv cov kom zoo dua, tab sis lwm tus neeg tej zaum yuav txaus ntshai thiab txawm catastrophic.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv yog tsim nyog rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav twv seb lub phiv yam thiab tiv thaiv los txo tau cov mob tshwm sim los ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, qhov kev siv ntawm breakwaters neeg yog siv los tua cov tsis zoo ces cov tubrog nkoj lub caij. Mas cov av qeeg txhua noob neej tau kawm los tsim tshwj xeeb av qeeg-resistant tsev lug. Cov Kabmob qhov chaw ntawm lub tsheb no yog ua los ntawm tshwj xeeb, kom zoo zoo kom daim ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej.

Tus qauv ntawm lub lub cev

Raws li mus rau lwm lub ntsiab txhais, lub sij hawm "lub cev lub cev" txhais tau tias tej yam uas muaj peev xwm yuav tau ua tiag tiag uas twb muaj lawm. Tej yam lawv yuav siv ib feem ntawm lub chaw, thiab cov tshuaj uas lawv ua, yog ib tug sau ntawm molecules ntawm ib tug tej yam qauv. Lwm yam, me hais nws - atoms, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv yog ib yam dab tsi heev yooj yooj yim thiab indivisible. Tus qauv ntawm ib tug atom nyuaj heev. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yuav qhia tau zoo thiab tsis zoo them elementary hais - ions.

Qauv raws li uas xws hais cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam system rau khib nyiab yog hu ua siv lead ua. Txhua siv lead ua muaj ib tug tej yam nruj me ntsis tsau daim ntawv no, uas txhais tau tias orderly zog thiab sis ntawm nws cov molecules thiab atoms. Thaum hloov tus siv lead ua qauv muaj yog ib tug ua txhaum ntawm lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub cev. Lub degree ntawm kev mus ncig ntawm lub elemental povntawv nyob rau nws lub cev xeev, uas tej zaum yuav khoom, kua los yog gaseous.

Yuav kom tuab lub complex tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv compression yog siv lub tswvyim ntawm volume elasticity los yog coefficient, uas yog ob leeg rov qab qhov tseem ceeb.

Lub zog ntawm molecules

A lub xeev ntawm so los yog atoms los yog molecules ntawm khoom lub cev tsis yog xam qhovkev. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv qhov suab, qhov uas nyob rau hauv lub thermal lub xeev ntawm lub cev, thiab tej yam hais tias nws yog tam sim no raug. Part elementary hais - tsis zoo them ions (xa electrons) tsiv ntawm ib tug ntau dua kev ceev tshaj nrog ib tug zoo xwb.

Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub xeev ntawm aggregation, lub cev lub cev - nws yog ib qho nyuaj khoom, kua los yog gases, nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm molecular tsab ntawv tsa suab. Lub totality ntawm cov khib nyiab tej zaum yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv crystalline thiab amorphous. Cov tsab ntawv tsa suab hais nyob rau hauv ib tug siv lead ua suav tag nrho kom. Nyob rau hauv cov dej, molecules tsiv mus nyob rau ib tug txawv kiag hauv paus ntsiab lus. Lawv txav los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg mus rau lwm, koj yuav xav txog tej yam nab tus xeeb ntxwv zoo ib yam li loj leeb los ntawm ib tug system mus rau lwm xilethi-aus comets.

Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov gaseous lub cev molecules muaj ib tug ntau weaker daim ntawv cog lus tshaj ib tug kua los yog khoom. Tej zaum yuav muaj hais hais rau ua txhua lwm yam. Elasticity cev nqaij daim tawv txhais los ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm ob lub ntsiab ntau yam - tus shear tus nqi thiab ntim elasticity coefficient.

Lub fluidity ntawm lub cev

Thaum tag nrho cov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov khoom thiab kua cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm lawv ntau yam zoo sib xws. Ib txhia ntawm lawv, hu ua mos sau ua ib pawg xeev yog intermediate ntawm tus thawj thiab thib ob xam qhovkev nrog ob, thiab lwm yam kev zog. Tej zoo li fluidity, yuav yuav ntes tau nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom (piv txwv li - los yog dej khov khau Var). Nws yog xam qhovkev thiab co, xws li tsis txaus. Nyob rau hauv siab feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm ntws zoo li ib tug kua. Los ntawm combining thiab cua sov rau cov ob khoom daim hlau yuav Weld lawv ua ke. Ntxiv mus, lub soldering txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug kub qis dua lub melting point ntawm txhua.

Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog tau ntawm tus mob ntawm tiav hu ntawm ob qhov chaw. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no yav tas ntau yam hlau alloys. Cov coj cuab yeej yog hu ua diffusion.

Hais txog kua thiab Gases

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm heev heev thwmsim, zaum tau tuaj mus rau cov nram qab no xaus: khoom lub cev lub cev - nws tsis yog ib co cais pab pawg neeg. Qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab cov kua tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub loj hauv kev sib txhuam. Nruab hnub nrig tshuaj nyob rau hauv txawv xeev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam kub.

Gases txawv los ntawm dej thiab khib nyiab uas ua rau kom cov elastic quab yuam txawm nyob rau hauv kub ntim hloov tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv. Qhov txawv ntawm cov kua thiab khib nyiab - nyob rau hauv ib tug khib nyiab tshwm sim elastic rog nyob rau hauv shear, i.e. hloov zoo. Qhov no tshwm sim yog tsis cai rau hauv dej, uas muaj peev xwm coj ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Crystalline thiab amorphous

Raws li twb tau hais, ob tug tau lub xeev ntawm cov khib nyiab - crystalline thiab amorphous. Amorphous yog lub cev uas muaj tib lub cev muaj zog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia. Qhov no zoo xa isotropy. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, cov tawv cob, amber khoom, iav. Lawv isotropy - qhov tshwm sim ntawm random arrangement ntawm molecules thiab atoms nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov teeb meem.

Nyob rau hauv lub crystalline lub xeev lub elementary hais cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim yam thiab muaj nyob raws li hauv cov qauv tseg dua nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm cov lub cev yog cov sib txawv, tab sis lawv yog cov tib nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus qhia. Xws li ib tug vaj tse xam qhovkev rau cov muaju, hu ua anisotropy. Nws yog vim li cas - qhov tsis zoo tib zog ntawm lub sis ntawm molecules thiab atoms nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia.

Mono- thiab polycrystalline

Nyob rau hauv ib muaju homogeneous nrog cov qauv thiab yog pheej rov qab ua thoob plaws rau tag nrho cov ntim. Polycrystals tshwm sim raws li ib tug plurality across fused ua ke me me crystallites. Lawv constituent hais cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj qha txhais deb ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb txiav txim. Nyob rau hauv lattice txhais tau tias ib tug series ntawm ntshav, i.e. cov ntsiab lus ua lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm molecules los yog atoms. Co nrog ib tug crystalline qauv pab raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas rau choj substructures, vaj tse thiab lwm yam khoom lug. Nws yog vim hais tias cov khoom ntawm crystalline khib nyiab yog ua tib zoo kawm rau cov tswv yim lub hom phiaj.

Nyob rau hauv tiag tiag zog yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo tsis xws luag, ob leeg nto thiab sab hauv. Ib yam li ntawd zog Khoom tawv cais seem ntawm physics xa mus rau raws li ib tug txhav lub cev mechanics.